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275 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Humanism
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scholarly interest in the study of the classical texts, values, and styles of Greece and Rome; promotion of a liberal arts education based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history
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Christian Humanism
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associated with northern Europe; studied classical texts; gave humanism a Christian context; committed to religious piety and institutional reform; Desiderius Erasmus
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Vernacular
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everyday language of a region or country; Miguel de Cervantes, Geoffrey Chaucer, Dante, & Martin Luther all used it; Desiderius Erasmus continued to write in Latin
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New Monarchs
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created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy; negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church; Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella
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Taille
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direct tax on the French peasantry; most important source of income for French monarchs until the French revolution
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Reconquista
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Christian reconquest of Spain from the Muslims; ended 1492 with the conquest of Granada
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Indulgence
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certificate granted by the pope in return for the payment of a fee to the church; time in purgatory reduced by many years or all together canceled
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Anabaptist
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protestants who insist that only adult baptism conformed to the scripture; advocated the complete separation of church and state
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Predestination
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John Calvin; God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved or who will be damned
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John Calvin
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"by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once and for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation and whom he would condemn to destruction"
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Huguenots
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French Protestants; followed teachings of John Calvin
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Politiques
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rules that put political needs over personal beliefs; Henry IV of France, Elizabeth I of England
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Columbian Exchange
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interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and human populations between the old world and the new world
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Mercantilism
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close government regulation of the economy; emphasized a strong, self-sufficient economy by maximizing exports and limiting imports; supported acquisition of colonies; wanted to accumulate reserves of gold and silver
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Putting-Out System
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preindustrial manufacturing system; entrepreneur brings materials to rural people who worked on them in their own homes; allowed the avoidance of restrictive guild regulations
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Joint-Stock Company
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investors raise money for a venture too large for any of them to undertake alone; share profits in proportion to the amount they invest; used these to finance the new world colonies
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Absolutism
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ruler claims sole and incontestable power; not limited by constitutional restraints
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Divine Right of Kings
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idea that rulers receive their authority from God and are answerable only to God
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Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, French Bishop and court preacher to Louis XIV
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"the state of monarchy is the supremest thing on earth, for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the scriptures kings are called Gods, and their power is compared to the divine powers"
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Intendants
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French royal officials; supervised provincial governments in the name of the king; key role in French absolutism
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Fronde
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rebellions against royal authority in France between 1649 and 1652; key role in Louis XIV's decision to leave Paris and build the Versailles Palace
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Robot
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forced labor used in eastern Europe; abolished in 1848
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Junkers
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Prussia's landowning nobility; supported monarchy; served in army in exchange for absolute power over their serfs
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Scientific Method
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inductive logic and controlled experiments to discover regular patterns in nature; patterns are then described with mathematical formulas
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Philosophes
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eighteenth century writers; stressed reason and advocated freedom of expression, religious toleration, and a reformed legal system; Voltaire
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Deism
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God created the universe but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature; natural laws can be discovered by the use of human reason
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General Will
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political philosophy referring to the desire or interest of a people as a whole; the general will is identical to the rule of law; Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Enlightened Despotism
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absolute ruler uses his or her power for the good of the people; supported religious tolerance, increased economic productivity, administrative reform, and scientific academies; Joseph II, Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great
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Enclosure Movement
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British landlords consolidated or fenced in common lands to increase the production of cash crops
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Enclosure Acts
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led to an increase in the size of farms held by large landowners
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Agricultural Revolution
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innovations in farm production; eighteenth-century Holland and spread to England, replaced the open-field agricultural system with a more scientific and mechanized system of agriculture
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Physiocrats
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criticized mercantilist regulations and called for free trade; led by Francois Quesnay
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Invisible Hand
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self-regulating nature of a free marketplace; phrase made by Adam Smith
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Parlements
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French regional courts dominated by heredity nobles; claimed right to register royal decrees before they could become law
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Girondins
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moderate republic faction active in the French Revolution from 1791 to 1793; favored a policy of extending the French Revolution beyond France's borders
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Jacobins
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radical republic party during French Revolution; unleashed the Reign of Terror; Maximilien Robespierre, Jean-Paul Marat, Georges-Jacquest Danton, and the Comte de Mirabeau
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Sans-Culottes
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working people of Paris; long working pants and support for radical politics
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Levee en Masse
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all males into the army; new type of military force based on mass participation and a fully mobilized economy
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Thermidorian Reaction
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reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution; associated with the Reign of Terror and reassertion of bourgeoisie power in the Directory
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Legitimacy
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rulers who have been driven from their thrones should be restored to power; ex. Congress of Vienna restored the Bourbons to power in France
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Balance of Power
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maintain an equilibrium; weak countries join together to match the power of a stronger country; guiding principle of the Congress of Vienna
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Liberalism
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representative government dominated by the propertied classes, minimal government interference in the economy, religious toleration, and civil liberties such as freedom of speech
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Conservatism
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supported legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches; gradual change in social order
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Nationalism
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nation consists of a group of people who share similar traditions, history, and language; every nation should be sovereign and include all members; greatest loyalty should be to a nation-state
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Romanticism
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reaction against Neoclassical emphasis upon reason; stressed emotion and the contemplation of nature
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Chartism
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political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s; universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons
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Zollverein
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free-trade union; major German states in 1834
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Carbonari
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secret revolutionary society working to unify Italy in 1820s
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Luddites
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British textile artisans against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution; thought machinery would eliminate their jobs and attempted to destroy it
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Utilitarianism
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based on the principle of the greatest happiness for the greatest number; should be applied to each nation's government, economy, and judicial system; Jeremy Bentham
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Jeremy Bentham
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"the greatest happiness for the greatest number"
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Utopian Socialists
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replace the overly competitive capitalist structure with planned communities guided by a spirit of cooperation; property should be communally owned; Charles Fourier, Louis Blanc
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Marxism
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history is the result of a class conflict; new classless society would abolish private property; Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels
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Second Industrial Revolution
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increased use of steel, chemical processes, electric power, and railroads; spread of industrialization from Great Britain to western Europe and the United States
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Social Darwinism
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natural evolutionary process by which the fittest will survive
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Realpolitik
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"the politics of reality"; tough, practical politics; idealism and romanticism play no part; Otto von Bismarck and Camillo Benso di Caovour
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Syndicalism
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bringing industry and government under the control of federations of labor unions; endorsed strikes and sabotage
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Autocracy
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ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner; ex. Romanov dynasty in Russia
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Duma
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Russian parliament created after the revolution of 1905
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Imperialism
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extending one country's rule over other lands by conquest or economic domination
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Sphere of Influence
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region dominated by, but not directly ruled by, a foreign nation
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Fourteen Points
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idealistic peace aims; national self-determination, the rights of small countries, freedom of the seas, and free trade; President Woodrow Wilson
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Bolsheviks
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revolutionary Marxists who seized power in Russia in 1917; led by Vladimir Lenin
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New Economic Policy
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initiated by Vladimir Lenin; stimulated the economic recovery of the Soviet Union in early 1920s; utilized a limited revival of capitalism in light industry and agriculture
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Existentialism
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God, reason, and progress are all myths; humans must accept responsibility for their actions; sense of dread and anguish; reflects the sense of isolation and alienation in the 20th century
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Relativity
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time and space do not exist separately; combined continuum whose measurement depends as much on the observer as on the entities being measured; associated with Albert Einstein
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Totalitarianism
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government has total control over the lives of individual citizens
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Fascism
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combines an authoritarian government with a corporate economy; glorify their leaders, appeal to nationalism, control the media, and repress individual liberties
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Kulaks
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prosperous landowning peasants in czarist Russia; Joseph Stalin "liquidated them as a class" by executing them
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Keynesian Economics
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governments can spend their economies out of a depression by using deficit-spending to encourage employment and stimulate economic growth; John Maynard Keynes
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Appeasement
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making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war; Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler
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Containment
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contain or block the spread of Soviet Policy; expressed in the Truman Doctrine and implemented in the Marshall Plan and the North American Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance; inspired by George F. Kennan
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Decolonization
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colonies gained their independence from the imperial European powers after World War II
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De-Stalinization
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liberalization of the Stalinist system in the Soviet Union; denouncing Joseph Stalin's cult of personality, producing more consumer goods, allowing greater cultural freedom, and pursuing peaceful coexistence with the West; carried out by Nikita Khrushchev
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Brezhnev Doctrine
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Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need; justified the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968
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Detente
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the relaxation of tensions between the US and the Soviet Union; introduced by Henry Kissinger and President Richard Nixon; ex. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), expanded trade with the Soviet Union, and President Nixon's trips to China and Russia
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Solidarity
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polish labor union in 1980; contested communist party programs' ousted the party from the Polish government; founded by Lech Walesa and Anna Walentynowicz
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Glasnost
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policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1980s; new openness of speech, reduced censorship, and greater criticism of Communist Party policies
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Perestroika
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Mikhail Gorbachev in 1980s; called for less government regulation and greater efficiency in manufacturing and agriculture
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Welfare State
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state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of its citizens in matters of health care, education, employment, and social security
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Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
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renaissance political philosopher who wrote The Prince
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Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
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believed that people are ungrateful and untrustworthy
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Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
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urged rulers to study war, avoid unnecessary kindness, and always base policy upon the principle that the end justifies the means
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Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
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northern humanist who wrote In Praise of Folly
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Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
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wrote in Latin while most humanists wrote in the vernacular
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Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
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wanted to reform the Catholic Church, not destroy it
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Martin Luther (1483-1546)
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Protestant reformer whose criticism of indulgences helped spark the Reformation
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Martin Luther (1483-1546)
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advocated salvation by faith, the authority of the Bible, and a priesthood of all believers
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Martin Luther (1483-1546)
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believed that Christian women should strive to become models of wifely obedience and Christian charity
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John Calvin (1509-1564)
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Protestant reformer who wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion
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John Calvin (1509-1564)
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believed in the absolute omnipotence of God, the weakness of humanity, and the doctrine of predestination
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John Calvin (1509-1564)
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established geneva as a model christian community
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John Calvin (1509-1564)
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influenced followers who were known as huguenots in france, presbyterians in scotland, and puritans in england and the new england colonies
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John Calvin (1509-1564)
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advocated that each local congregation have a ruling body composed of both ministers and laymen who carefully supervised the moral conduct and faithful
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Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)
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french renaissance writer who developed the essay as a literary genre
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Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)
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known for his skeptical attitude and willingness to look at all sides of an issue
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
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polish clergyman and astronomer who wrote On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
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helped launch the scientific revolution by challenging the widespread belief in the geocentric theory that the earth is the center of the universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
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offered a new heliocentric universe in which the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun
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Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
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began his career as an assistant to the danish astronomer tycho brahe
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Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
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formulated three laws of planetary motion
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Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
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proved that planetary orbits are elliptical rather than circular
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
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italian scientist who contributed to the scientific method by conducting controlled experiments
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
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major accomplishments included using the telescope for astronomical observation, formulating laws of motion, and popularizing the new scientific ideas
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
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condemned by the inquisition for publicly advocating Copernicus's heliocentric theory
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Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
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english scientist and mathematician who wrote the Principia
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Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
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viewed the universe as a vast machine governed by the universal laws of gravity and inertia
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Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
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mechanistic view of the universe strongly influenced deism
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Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
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english politician and writer
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Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
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formalized the empirical method into a general theory of inductive reasoning known as empiricism
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Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
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french philosopher and mathematician
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Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
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used deductive reasoning from self-evident principles to reach scientific laws
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
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english political philosopher who wrote Leviathan
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
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viewed human beings as naturally self-centered and prone to violence
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
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feared the dangers of anarchy more than the dangers of tyranny
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
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argued that monarchs have absolute and unlimited political authority
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John Locke (1632-1704)
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english philosopher who wrote The Second Treatise of Government
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John Locke (1632-1704)
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viewed humans as basically rational beings who learn from experience
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John Locke (1632-1704)
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formulated the theory of natural rights, arguing that people are born with basic rights to "life, liberty, and property"
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John Locke (1632-1704)
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insisted that governments are formed to protect natural rights
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John Locke (1632-1704)
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stated that the governed have a right to revel against rulers who violate natural rights
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Voltaire (1694-1778)
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french philosophe and voluminous author of essays and letters
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Voltaire (1694-1778)
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championed the enlightened principles of reason, progress, toleration, and individual liberty
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Voltaire (1694-1778)
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opposed superstition, intolerance, and ignorance
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Voltaire (1694-1778)
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criticized organized religion for perpetuation superstition and intolerance
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
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enlightened thinker best known for writing The Social Contract and Emile
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
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believed that since "law is the expression of the general will," the state is based on a social contract
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
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emphasized the education of the whole person for citizenship
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
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rejected excessive rationalism and stressed emotions, thus anticipated the romantic movement
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Adam Smith (1723-1790)
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scottish economist who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
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Adam Smith (1723-1790)
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opposed mercantilist policies
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Adam Smith (1723-1790)
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advocated free trade and "the Invisible Hand of competition"
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Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
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British writer, philosopher, and feminist who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
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Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
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argued that women are not naturally inferior to men
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Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
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maintained that women deserve the same fundamental rights as men
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Edmund Burke (1729-1797)
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english conservative leader who wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France
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Edmund Burke (1729-1797)
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denounced the radicalism and violence of the French Revolution
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Edmund Burke (1729-1797)
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favored gradual and orderly change
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John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
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english utilitarian and essayist best known for writing On Liberty and The Subjection of Women
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John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
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advocated women's rights and endorsed universal suffrage
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Karl Marx (1818-1883)
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scientific socialist who coauthored The Communist Manifesto
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Karl Marx (1818-1883)
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believed that the history of class conflict is best understood through the dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis
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Karl Marx (1818-1883)
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contended that a class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would lead "to the dictatorship of the proletariat," which in turn would be a transitional phase leading to a classless society
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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british biologist who wrote The Origin of Species
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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challenged the idea of special creation by proposing a revolutionary theory of biological evolution
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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concluded that every living plant and animal takes part in a constant "struggle for existence" in which only the "fittest" survive
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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argued that the fittest are determined by a process of natural selection
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
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austrian psychologist who formulated groundbreaking theories of human personality
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
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theorized that the human psyche contains three distinct parts: (1) the id, which is the center of unconscious sexual and aggressive drives; (2) the superego, which is the center of moral values; and (3) the ego, which is the center of pragmatic reason
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
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argued that human behavior is often irrational
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Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
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german physicist whose theory of special relativity undermined Newtonian physics
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Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
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challenged traditional conceptions of time, space, and motion
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Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
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contributed to the view that humans live in a universe with uncertainties
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Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
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added to the feeling of uncertainty in the postwar world
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Friedrich Nietzche (1844-1900)
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german philosopher whose writings influenced existentialism
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Friedrich Nietzche (1844-1900)
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expressed contempt for middle-class morality, saying that it led to a false and shallow existence
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Friedrich Nietzche (1844-1900)
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rejected reason and embraced the irrational
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Friedrich Nietzche (1844-1900)
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believed that the "will to power" of a few heroic "supermen" could successfully reorder the world
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Albert Camus (1913-1960) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
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french existentialist philosophers and writers
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Albert Camus (1913-1960) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
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questioned the efficacy of reason and science to understand the human situation
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Albert Camus (1913-1960) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
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believed that god, reason, and progress are myths, and that humans live in a hostile world, alone and isolated
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The Peace of Augsburg (1555)
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ended the religious civil war between Roman Catholics and Lutherans in the German states
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The Peace of Augsburg (1555)
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gave each German prince the right to determine the religion of his state, either Roman Catholic or Lutheran
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The Peace of Augsburg (1555)
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failed to provide for the recognition of Calvinists or other religious groups
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The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
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reformed Catholic Church discipline and reaffirmed church doctrine
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The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
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preserved the papacy as the center of Christianity
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The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
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confirmed all seven existing sacraments
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The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
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reaffirmed latin as the language of worship
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The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
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forbade clerical marriage
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The Edict of Nantes (1598)
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issued by Henry IV of France
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The Edict of Nantes (1598)
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granted religious toleration to French Protestants
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The Edict of Nantes (1598)
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marked the first formal recognition by a European national monarchy that two religions could coexist in the same country
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The Edict of Nantes (1598)
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revoked by Louis XIV in 1685
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The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
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ended the thirty years' war
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The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
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recognized calvinism as a legally permissible faith
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The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
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recognized the sovereign independent authority of over 300 german states
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The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
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continued the political fragmentation of germany
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The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
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granted sweden additional territory, confirming its status as a major power
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The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
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acknowledged the independence of the united provinces of the netherlands
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The Peace of Utrecht (1713)
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ended louis xiv's efforts to dominate europe
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The Peace of Utrecht (1713)
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allowed philip v to remain on the throne of spain but stipulated that the crowns of spain and france should never be worn by the same monarch
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The Peace of Utrecht (1713)
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granted the spanish netherlands to the austrian habsburgs along with milan, naples, and sicily
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The Peace of Utrecht (1713)
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granted england a number of territories including newfoundland, nova scotia, and gibraltar
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The Peace of Utrecht (1713)
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granted england the asiento, the lucrative right to supply african slaves to spanish america
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The Pragmatic Sanction (1713)
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guaranteed the succession of habsburg emperor charles vi's eldest daughter, maria theresa, to the throne
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The Pragmatic Sanction (1713)
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guaranteed the indivisibility of the habsburg lands
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The Pragmatic Sanction (1713)
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violated when frederick the great of prussia invaded silesia in 1740
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The Congress of Vienna (1815)
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enacted a settlement that was acceptable to both the victors and to france
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The Congress of Vienna (1815)
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created a balance of power that lasted until the unification of germany in 1871
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The Congress of Vienna (1815)
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underestimated the forces of liberalism and nationalism
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The Congress of Vienna (1815)
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used the principle of legitimacy to restore the bourbons to the french throne
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The Congress of Vienna (1815)
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united belgium with the netherlands to form a single kingdom of the netherlands
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The Congress of Vienna (1815)
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created a loose confederation of 39 German states dominated by Austria
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The Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
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established rules for dividing Africa amongst the European powers. a european state could no longer simply declare a region of africa its colony. it first had to exercise effective control over the territory
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The Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
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declared the congo to be the "congo free state" under the personal control of leopold II of belgium
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The Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
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established rules governing the race for African colonies
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The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
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refused to allow either defeated germany or communist russia to participate in peace conference negotiations
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The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
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forced germany to sign a war-guilt clause that was used to justify imposing large war reparations payments
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The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
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changed the map of europe by returning alsace-lorraine to france and dissolving austria-hungary into the separate states of austria, hungary, czechoslovakia, and yugoslavia
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The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
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created the league of nations to discuss and settle disputes without resorting to war
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The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
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legt a legacy of bitterness between the victors and germany
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
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ended bolshevik russia's participation in world war i
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
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negotiated by vladimir lenin because he was unwilling to risk bolshevik gains by continuing a war that could no longer be won
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
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nullified following germany's defeat by the allies
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The Locarno Pact (1925)
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recorded an agreement between france and germany to respect mutual frontiers
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The Locarno Pact (1925)
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marked the beginning of a brief period of reduced tensions among the european powers
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The Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
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outlawed war as an instrument of national policy
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The Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
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violated repeatedly during the 1930s
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The Munich Conference (1938)
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ceded the sudetenland to adolf hitler
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The Munich Conference (1938)
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discredited the british policy of appeasement
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The Nazi-Soveit Nonaggression Pact (1939)
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created a nonaggression agreement in which hitler and joseph stalin promised to remain neutral if the other became involved in a war
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The Nazi-Soveit Nonaggression Pact (1939)
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divided eastern europe into german and soviet zones
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North Atlantic Pact (1949)
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established the north atlantic treaty organization (NATO) to coordinate the defense of its members
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North Atlantic Pact (1949)
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implemented Harry Truman's policy of containing the Soviet Union
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North Atlantic Pact (1949)
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forced to move its headquarters from paris to brussels when charles de gaulle withdrew french forces from the "american-controlled" NATO
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The Treaty of Rome (1957)
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created the european economic community (EEC), generally known as the common market
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The Treaty of Rome (1957)
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marked the beginning of European economic integration
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The Helsinki Accords (1975)
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ratified the european territorial boundaries established after world war ii
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The Helsinki Accords (1975)
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established "helsinki watch committees" to monitor human rights in the 35 nations that signed the helsinki accords
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The Helsinki Accords (1975)
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marked the high point of cold war detente
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The Maastricht Treaty (1991)
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created the european union (EU), the world's largest single economic market
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The Maastricht Treaty (1991)
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created a central bank for the european union
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The Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione
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book where it was written that the perfect court lady should be well educated and charming but not expected to seek fame as men did
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Christine de Pizan
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prolific author who wrote a history of famous women and is now remembered as Europe's first feminist
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Isabella d'Este
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most famous renaissance woman; her life illustrates that being a patron of the arts was the most socially acceptable role for a well-educated renaissance woman
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Martin Luther
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believed that christian women should strive to be models of obedience and christian charity
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protestant reformation
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reduced access to convents, thus changing the role of sixteenth-century women
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quakers
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regularly allowed women to preach
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older, widowed women
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most often accused of practicing witchcraft
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women
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played a key role in hosting salons
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salons
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gave educated women a voice in cultural affairs
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madame geoffrin
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most influential of the salon hostesses
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support for superstition and witchcraft
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declined as educated europeans turned to rational explanations for natural events
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young married european couples
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lived in nuclear families
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large multigenerational households
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what were the normal households in the eighteenth century?
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mid- to late 20s
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when did most couples postpone marriage until, in the eighteenth century?
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domestic servants
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in the eighteenth century, young peasant women increasingly left home to work as what?
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march to versailles
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women led to demand cheap bread and to force the royal family to move to paris
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gain the right to vote or to hold political office
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what privileges did women not gain during the french revolution?
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olympia de gouges
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wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen
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olympia de gouges
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demanded that french women be given the same rights as men
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mary wollstonecraft
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wrote A Vindication of the RIghts of Women
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marry wollstonecraft
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argued that women are not naturally inferior to men; that they only appear to be inferior because of a lack of education
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napoleon bonaparte's civil code
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reasserted the old regime's patriarchal system; gave extensive control over their wives
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1881
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year that divorce and property rights taken away by the napoleonic code were fully restored
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john stuart mill
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wrote The Subjection of Women
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john stuart mill
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argued that the social and legal inequalities imposed on women were a relic from the past
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henrik ibsen
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wrote A Doll's House
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a doll's house
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book that criticized conventional marriage roles
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ideal middle-class woman
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expected to be an "angel in the house" in the nineteenth century
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ideal middle-class woman
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in the nineteenth century, her most important roles were to be a devoted mother and the family's moral guardian
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rising standards of living
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made it possible for men and women to marry at a younger age in the nineteenth century
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rising cost of child rearing
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caused a decline in the size of middle-class families in the nineteenth century
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well-educated women
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in the nineteenth century, for this group, the only job opportunities were teaching, nursing, and social work
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divorce
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legalized in britain in 1857 and in france in 1884; however, catholic countries such as spain and italy did not permit it
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right to control their own property
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nineteenth century women's rights advocates worked primarily for this
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right to vote
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in 1900, no country in europe allowed women the ___
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emmeline pankhurst
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british women waged an aggressive campaign for women's suffrage, led by her
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during world war i
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millions of women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops during...
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1918
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parliament granted the suffrage to women over the age of 30, in what year?
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marxists
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who argued that both capitalism and middle-class husbands exploited women?
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bolsheviks
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proclaimed complete equality of rights for women
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soviet
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where were women urged to work outside the home, and divorce and abortion were both easily available?
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soviet
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where were women encouraged to become professionals and comprised three-quarters of the doctors there?
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italy and germany
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what countries, during the 1930s encouraged women to remain at home and provide their countries with more offspring
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world war ii
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the commitment to total war caused millions of women to enter the workforce during what?
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women
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who contributed directly to the war effort by serving as nurses and medics
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night witches
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women who served as combat pilots in the soviet union
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postwar reconstruction
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what required women to continue working after world war ii
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france and italy
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where did women gain the franchise in 1945
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simone de beauvoir
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led european feminists who called attention to social problems that women faced
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simone de beauvoir
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emphasized the need for women to control their own lives
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european feminists
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who worked for liberalized divorce laws, improved access to birth control information, and expanded child-care facilities
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during the postwar period
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when did women marry earlier and give birth to fewer children
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employment rates
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what dramatically increased for married women post world war ii
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