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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the basics of absolutist rule and how is it's power checked?
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-Often times a monarchy
-In modern times, nobles checked power however, the parliament can be dismissed by king -No written constitution to check -Checked financially (need it from nobles to build armies) -Checked morally by religion -Power of state is in one man, but doesn't have consent of people |
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What is an unwritten constitution?
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Obligations of what it means to be a ruler or be ruled
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What is authoritarian rule and arbitrary rule?
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-Authoritarian= centralized by power base, how you're exercising your power, oppressive regime
-Arbitrary= rule without reason, tyranny= enforces law w/ oppression, not justified by God |
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What were Boussett's views?
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-Divine right of kings= justification to rule comes from God, must have a just rule, however God is eternal king is not
-Rulers= are not the direct word of God, political representatives (not popes), anything king does is just and all knowing but still must fear -Contradiction= he can still make mistakes, but God is the only one who can judge him |
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How was absolutist rule in France before Louis 14th?
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-Henry IV= chicken in every pot, taxation, transfromation to centralized government, politique, beggings of absolutism in France, but has trouble with nobles
-Louis 13th= More absolutist than Henry, more centralized, but couldn't tax bc he was in debt and nobles didn't want to, French language unifies, art and lit strengthened, but no fully abs. because no real tax structure and still local economies |
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How was the absolutist rule of Louis the 14th?
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-Economy= before= in debt from war, manorial system, he built bridges to help trade, centralized bureaucracy, tax farmers= only small cut actually went to gov. and nobles refuse to be taxed, Colbert= merccantilist reduced debt, high tariffs on imports, commercial code= uniform business practices, excise tax on salt, only skilled ppl allowed in country
-Nobles= couldn't be taxed, can't violate sancity of property, hates nobles bc of Frande (when he was forced to leave palace) so keeps them in Versailles -Centralization of government= made war a state activity, standing army, physically moved gov to one building, attendants in different districts, commercial code took away local govs, five great farms= center of France, formulized taxes -Religion= evoked edict of nantes, only one religion= Catholic, strengthened his rule -Foreign Policy= done for the glory of the sate, goes into Spanish-Netherlands trys to dominate Europe, French hegemony, wants to expand for glory, Treaty of Augsburg= unite everyone against France |
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What happened in the War of Spanish Succession?
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-Problems= didn't want France to take over all of Europe, France wanted to take over Spain which was a threat to England, no middle class/merchants in Spain, Exploitation in new world encomienda system expensive, failure of leadership, armada is beaten by England, France wins wars of religion
-Rise of French Spain declines -Reconquista= took Iberian Peninsula, kick Jews and Moores out of Spain, but they helped the economy (got rid of hope for middle class) |
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What were the results of the War of Spanish Succession
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-Spain stays a sovereign nation,
-Balance of power enforced -France doesn't have claim to throne -France is no longer in the picture, so England can step in |
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What is constitutionalism like in England?
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-The law is sovereign, so legal limitations on gov., no one is above the law
-Due process of law= the Magna Carta, separation of powers (3 branches), common law= ruled custom by custom -England's unwritten -Allows for some individual rights, but gov still writes constitution -Restrictions= customs, social norms, money, not illegal to appoint your friends to power |
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How did Elizabeth rule?
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-A monarch, but still sense of constitutionalism, persuading parliament to change laws instead of just changing them, understood power of the gentry
-She dies and has no heir -James the 1st put on throne, claimed divine right of kings, subjects don't like him because he's Calvinist and a foreigner -Puritans push for reform -James tries to be absolutist, but constitutional absolutist is contradictory |
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What was Stuart Absolutism like?
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-James 1 was a Stuart
-English parliament didn't want taxation without representation, France never would, James could have used this to his advantage but didn't -Charles I= sympathizes with Catholics, wanted standing navy but needed $, made new elections to try to get rid of ppl in parliament, but same ppl were still elected, ends up in civil war cause he can't control them, he tries to kill parliament but they get him first, Scottish rebel because he put Anglicans everywhere (and Irish) |
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What was the fatal flaw of Stuart Absolutism?
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-All they had had to do is convince parliament they had power
-But instead they push them to the edge -Can't have taxation w/o representation -Difficult to find who is sovereign |
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What happens in the British Civil War?
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-Roundheads= Puritans fighting against Anglican popery out, have $
-Cavaliers= nobles, royalty -Lords and Gentry have a conflict= lords have political status, gentry have money -Role of religion= roundheads want religious and political freedom -Parliament can't get act together= bc Puritans can't decide what they want, chaos |
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Who was Cromwell?
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-Lord protectorate, has the most power because he has the weapons, just as oppressive as Stuart's rule, bring peace and order, said he was sovereign but not an effective ruler cause ppl don't like him (he's a minority, Puritan)
-Question still not answered -End of Puritan reformation= he dies, son takes over but gets kicked off throne and put Stuarts back (Charles II), rich people gain power (gentry) -Charles is a Catholic sympathizer= King of England is head of church so this poses a major political threat b/c of pope, leads to more fighting when his baby is baptized |
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What happened in the Glorious Revolution?
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-Tories= loyal royalists, whigs= rebelling, William of Orange= stadholder in Netherlands, married Mary (daughter of James II), Mary has claim to English throne
-Tories and Whigs want them to invade England, James II does nothing to protect country so they move into London easily -Solves question of who is sovereign because the law is sovereign, or king can be with consent of ppl and parliament -Bill of RIghts created= sovereign, there already was a constitution, Magna Carta and unwritten, 1689 feelin glorious |
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What was eastern Absolutism like in Russia?
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-Too big to have a real identity
-Agricultural economy= producing food for West, high exports, serfdom is huge they have limited mobility, crush them, towns don't function the same way -No traditional understanding of individual rights= czars do whatever they want, no religious tolernace -$= nobility wasn't willing to rise up bc it cost money, no real middle class or towns, were taxed -Hapsburgs= still in the HRE, suppressed Protestantism, problem: no unifying language (no nationality), push for absolutism, but not fully to stregnthen army and pragmatic sanction= saying you can never break off from HRE so women can take throne if no heir -The Khan= mongols, makes them pay tons of taxes |
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Who were the absolutist rulers in Russia?
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-Ivan III= gets rid of mongolian influence, re-distrubutes land (agreed because they didn't want to pay taxes)
-Ivan the Terrible= conquered lots of things and expanded, marries into the Romanoff family, abolishes old land owners and makes new ones, makes monarchy hereditary and nobles dependent on him, The Boyars= secret police, former hereditary nobles, service nobility, instills fear and made ppl report, lose as you can get to toltalitarian, cossacks=militia, rebelled against him, had wealth and military strength, hid in woods and once he's dead rose up and tried to overthrow -Peter the Great= 1682, looking at West and seeing how far behind they are, push for Westernization, ruling for the good of the state rather than personal (however he decides whats good for state), strengthens military, boyars are crushed serfdom still exists, no one challenges him |
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How is Prussia an example of Eastern Absolutism?
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-Part of Poland, part of Eastern Europe/Germany, not connected, Hohensollern= ruling family
-Ideal absolutist rule -Army= have to build one, H's have complete control and maintain it -Permanent state of war= good, pay money bc they are scared, during wartime nationalism emerges normally, however not in Prussia bc of geography -New military class= will not rebel because they exist bc of monarchy, and they glorify them, something to identify with -Peasantry= crush them still -Government controls economy= what you produce and sell |
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Who was one of the absolutist rulers of Prussia, and what did he do?
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-Frederick the Great= royal absolutist, worried about Hapsburg threat, lets nobles rule over peasants so they respect him
-Wants to expand into Germany, and they need a strong army -Uniting= religion and army, monarch makes standing army and pragmatic sanction, robot= control over labor, you had to work 3x a week for free, serfs pay more taxes |
