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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
infant mortality
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number of deaths per 1,000 of children under one
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life expectancy
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The expected number of years an individual is to live within a given country
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BMI
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Body Mass Index, weight x 740/height2
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emerging diseases
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Diseases that have been spread to humanity via another species
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re-emerging diseases
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preexisting diseases that have risen in prevalence
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examples of emerging diseases
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HIV/AIDS, SARS, and Ebola
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toxicology
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How poisonous a substance is in biological substances
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Persistence
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Characteristic stability and thus may take years to be broken down into simpler forms
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Bioaccumulation
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build-up of substance in an organism's body
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Biological magnification/amplification
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increased concentration of toxic chemicals in tissues of organisms in higher levels of food web
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Endocrine Disruptor
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a chemical that mimics or interferes with actions of the endoctrine system
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Toxicants
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chemicals with adverse effects on health
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acute
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immediate
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chronic
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prolonged
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Most common Diseases that effect Americans now.
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Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, and Cancer
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Categories of Pollutants
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Infectious agents, Abestos, electromagnetic, noise, organic compounds, radiation, pesticides, radioactive isotopes, Toxic heavy metals, flame retardants, and industrial chemicals
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Causes for Re-emerging Diseases
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Increase in urban population and old people, travel, and change in the environment
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Dose-Response Curve
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Graph that shoes the effects of different doses on a population of test organisms
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LD50
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Lethal dose that kills 50% of population of test organisms
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ED50
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effective dose that causes side effect in 50% of the population of test organisms
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Additive
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projects expected toxicity
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Synergistic
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projects a greater toxicity than expected
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Antagonistic
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projects a lowered toxicity than expected
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Diluted Paradigm
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The ideology that toxins and chemicals become diluted when released into the air
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Boomerang Paradigm
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The ideology that bad things released into the environment will come back to you
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entoxicology
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Study of contaminants in the biosphere and effects on ecosystems
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risk
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probability of harm
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risk assessment
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process by which a danger is assessed
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Precautionary Principle
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Policy that no action should be taken if harm may be caused
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Ecological Risk assessment
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Ecological effects of humans estimated
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Cost-Benefit Analysis
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Quantifies the cost and benefits to aid policy makers in decision making
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Epidemic
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concentrated area
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Pandemic
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Global epidemic
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Teratogen
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results in fetal defects
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Neurotoxins
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PCB, Arsenic, Lead, Methyl, Mercury and pesticides
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Steps of a Risk Assessment
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1. hazard identification 2. Dose/response assessment 3. exposure assessment 4. risk characterization
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Bioassay
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experiment to measure the toxicity of a substance
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point source
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specific or confined conveyance of pollution into the environment
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TD-50
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threshold dose that induces tumors in 50% of the test population
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LD-50 curve
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compares the dose with the % mortality
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50 ppm = ___ ppb
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50,000 ppb
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What happened in Woburn, MA?
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TCE was released from a local tannery
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Bhopal Disaster
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chemical accident that produced water reactive gas that killed thousands in the middle of the night
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Chernobyl
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Severe Nuclear Disaster
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What was a big event that switched thinking from the dilution to the boomerang paradigm?
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DDT bioaccumulation in birds
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% CO2 in the environment = ____.
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.037%
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What is a human impact on the phosphorous cycle?
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Erosion by Agriculture
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Solutions to Infectious Agents: ___________.
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a decrease in antibiotic use, malnutrition, and poverty. An increase in education about antibiotics, immunization, water & food supply, and hand washing.
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Classification of DDT.
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Endoctrine disruptor and carcinogen
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Benzene and Chlorine classification
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carcinogen, endoctrine disruptor, teratogen
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Methyl Isocynate classification
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teratogen, Neurotoxin
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Herbicides (TCDD or dioxine)
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Carcinogen and teratogen
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T or F. Acute reaction = low exposure.
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False
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Love Canal -- Hooker Chemical Company
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chemical spill that included chlorine and benzene; resulted in Super Fund establishment
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Arsenic Poisoning in India and Bangladesh
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Water contamination from pesticides that resulted in wells, better drinking water, and more education on Arsenic
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