A&p Chpt 12

Front 1

Name the two major types of structures composing the lymphatic system

Back 1

Lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue and organs

Front 2

Describe the source of lymph, and explain its formation and transport

Back 2

- Lymph, which begins as tissue fluid derived from blood capillaries, enters the lymph capillaries, travels through the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, and enters the bloodstream through the veins. The lymphatic vessels act primarily to pick up lymph.

Front 3

Describe the function of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, the thymus, Petersburg patches, and the spleen

Back 3

- Lymph Nodes: monitor composition of lymph, removes foreign material by producing lymphocytes.

- Tonsils: capture bacteria and antigens entering respiratory system.

- Peyer's Patches: capture and destroy intestinal bacteria in the digestive tract

- Thymus: program lymphocytes during childhood.

- Spleen: blood reservoir, filters and destroys old or damaged red blood cells.

Front 4

Explain how the lymphatic system is functionally related to the cardiovascular and immune systems

Back 4

- Immune: The lymph nodes in particular help protect the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria and tumor cells from the lymphatic stream and by producing lymphocytes that function in the immune response.

- Cardiovascular: thin walled, valves, low-pressure, pumpless system, pressure changes in thorax, returns back to the heart

Front 5

Describe the protective functions of skin and mucous membranes

Back 5

Skin and mucus are part of the body's first line of defense in the innate defense system. They both act as mechanical barriers.

Front 6

Explain the importance of phagocyte & natural killer cells

Back 6

Phagocyte: A phagocyte engulfs a foreign particle and breaks it down/ digests it (phagocytosis - lysosome fuses with pathogen and breaks it down).

Natural killer cells: Promote cell lysis by direct cell attack against virus-infected or cancerous body cells, release inflammatory chemicals; not specific.

Front 7

Describe the inflammatory process

Back 7

- The inflammatory response prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissue, disposing of cell debris and pathogens, and sets the stage for repair.

- Damaged cells release chemicals and histamine, which (1) causes blood vessels to dilate and capillaries to become leaky, (2) activate PAIN receptors, and (3) attract phagocytes and white blood cells to the area (CHEMOTAXIS).

- (1) Neutrophils (first phagocytes to migrate into the injured area) enter the blood from bone marrow, (2) squeeze through capillary walls (diapedesis), (3) positive chemotaxis is when neutrophils gather in the injured area and devour foreign material, and (4) Fibrin mesh walls off the area of injury

- Dilation of the blood vessels increases blood flow to the site area which causes REDNESS and HEAT. Leaky capillaries cause SWELLING.

Front 8

Name several antimicrobial substances produced by the body that act in innate body defense

Back 8

- Antimicrobial proteins enhance the innate defenses either by attacking microorganisms directly or hindering their ability to reproduce.

- Compliment: a group of plasma proteins that amplifies the immune response by causes lysis (bursting) of cellular pathogens once it has been "fixed" to their surface.

- Interferon proteins diffuse to nearby cells and bind to their membrane receptors, prevents those cells from being infected; interferon is synthesized when a cell has a viral infection

Front 9

Describe how fever helps protect the body

Back 9

Takes zinc and iron away from bacteria to reduce multiplication, speeds up repair process.

Front 10

Define antigen and hapten and name the substances that act as complete antigens

Back 10

- Antigen: any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response.

- Hapten/ incomplete antigen: non-antigenic molecules that link up with proteins and seen in the immune system as harmful.

Front 11

Name two arms of the adaptive defense system and relate each to a specific lymphocyte type ( B or T )

Back 11

Humoral immunity: B cell

Cell mediated immunity: T cell

Front 12

Compare and contrast the development of B and T cells

Back 12

B cells: humoral response, antibodies, kills antigen

- T cells: cell mediated response, thymus, natural killer cells, kills infected cells.

- Both: lymphocytes, adaptive response, bone marrow, memory cell potential, bears a cell-surface receptor capable of recognizing a specific antigen, clones

Front 13

State the roles of B cells, T cells, and plasma cells

Back 13

B cells make antibodies

T cells kill virus infected cells

Plasma cells only produce one type of antibody

Front 14

- A protein released by macrophages and activated T cells that helps to protect other body cells from viral multiplication

Back 14

Interferons

Front 15

Any types of molecules that attract neutrophils and other protective cells into a region where an immune response is ongoing.

Back 15

Chemotaxis factors

Front 16

Any types of molecules that attract neutrophils and other protective cells into a region where an immune response is ongoing.

Back 16

Chemotaxis factors

Front 17

Bound to surface of B cell.

("BeD" or "emBeD")

Back 17

IgD

Front 18

Any types of molecules that attract neutrophils and other protective cells into a region where an immune response is ongoing.

Back 18

Chemotaxis factors

Front 19

Bound to surface of B cell.

("BeD" or "emBeD")

Back 19

IgD

Front 20

Predominant antibody found in mucus, saliva, and tears.

("achoo" for mucus)

Back 20

IgA

Front 21

Binds to the surface of mast cells and mediates an allergic response.

("E! Its an allergy")

Back 21

IgE

Front 22

Crosses the placenta, fixes complement, the most abundant antibody found in blood plasma and the chief antibody released during secondary response.

("goo goo gah gah" for placenta; "gross" for most abundant; baby is compliment in life)

Back 22

IgG

Front 23

First antibody in first response (1st there needs to be a Mom to have a baby), compliment (Mom compliments baby), pentamer (Mom had 5 kids)

Back 23

IgM

Front 24

Tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another.

(auto = self)

Back 24

Autografts

Front 25

Tissue grafts donated by an identical twin.

(iso = equal)

Back 25

Isografts

Front 26

Tissue grafts from any person other than identical twin.

(allo = other)

Back 26

Allografts

Front 27

Tissue graft from another animal species.

(xeno = alien)

Back 27

Xenografts

Front 28

Tissue graft from another animal species.

(xeno = alien)

Back 28

Xenografts

Front 29

- Abnormal function/production of cells

- ex: AIDS, SCID

Back 29

Immunodeficiencies

Front 30

Vigorous immune responses overreacting to a harmless "threat"

Back 30

Allergies

Front 31

Allergen enters the blood and circulates through the body becoming life-threatening; Epi pens provide Adrenalin.

Back 31

Anaphylactic shock

Front 32

Outer part of lymph node structure

Back 32

Cortex

Front 33

Outer part of lymph node structure

Back 33

Cortex

Front 34

Inner part of lymph node that contains phagocytic macrophages

Back 34

Medulla

Front 35

Trace the flow of lymph through nodes

Back 35

-Lymph enters the cortex through afferent lymphatic vessels

-lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node

- lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels

- flow slowed Bc fewer efferent that afferent vessels

Front 36

Trace the flow of lymph through nodes

Back 36

-Lymph enters the cortex through afferent lymphatic vessels

-lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node

- lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels

- flow slowed Bc fewer efferent that afferent vessels

Front 37

Lymphatic organs

Back 37

-spleen

-thymus

-tonsils

-Peyers patches

Front 38

Located on left side of the abdomen and filters blood

Back 38

Spleen

Front 39

Mechanisms protect against variety of invaders responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials

Back 39

Innate defense system

Front 40

Specific defense is required for each type of invader

Back 40

Adaptive defense system

Front 41

Cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. Engulf foreign material into vacuole. Enzymes from lysosomes digest the material

Back 41

Phagocytes

Front 42

Second line of defense

Back 42

-phagocytes

-natural killer cells

-inflammatory response

-antimicrobial

-fever

Front 43

-can disintegrate or dissolve

And kill cancer cells

-can destroy virus-infected cells

Back 43

Natural killer cells

Front 44

- Triggered when body tissues are injured

- 4 most common indicators of acute inflammation: redness, heat, swelling, pain

Back 44

Inflammatory response

Front 45

- Triggered when body tissues are injured

- 4 most common indicators of acute inflammation: redness, heat, swelling, pain

Back 45

Inflammatory response

Front 46

3rd line of defense

Back 46

- immune response is the immune system response to a threat

-immunity is the study of immunity

- antibodies are proteins that protect from pathogens