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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Matter
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Anything that takes up space and has mass
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Mass
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Makes up matter
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Energy
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Ability to do work or cause change
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Law of conservation of energy
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No energy is created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
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Mixture
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two or more substances which have been combined such that each substance retains its own chemical identity.
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Solution
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a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent).
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Density
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Mass/ volume
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Kelvin
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Celsius + 273
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Prefixes
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Giga 10(9)
Mega 10(6) Kilo 10(3) Deci 10(-1) Centi 10(-2) Milli 10(-3) Micro 10(-6) Nano 10(-9) Pico 10(-12) |
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Accuracy
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How many times you hit a certain target
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Precision
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How close or far away your aim is from one another
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Compound
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two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together
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Physical properties
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Changes the identity of the substance
Extensive properties: Mass Volume Length Shape Intensive properties: Color Taste Melting/boiling point Density Luster Hardness |
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Chemical properties
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Doesn't change the identity of substance
How it reacts with: Air Water Acid Bases Other chemicals |
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Significant figures
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Significant if:
Non zero numbers Zeros between non zeros Trailing zeros after the decimal Not significant if: Leading zeros Adding/ subtracting: Keep the lowest amount Multiplying/ dividing: Keep the smallest decimal |
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Scientific notation
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1.4 X 10(2)
*add the exponents |
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Democritus
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Formulated the atomic theory
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John dalton
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Atomic theory
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Lavoisier
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Father of modern chemistry
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Law of conservation of mass
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Mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products
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Law of definite proportions
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Law stating that every pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight
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Law of multiple proportions
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law stating that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound the amounts of one of them that combines with a fixed amount of the other will exhibit a simple multiple relation
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Cathode Ray
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JJ Thomson
tube used by Thomson is a sealed glass container in which two electrodes are separated by a vacuum. When a voltage is applied across the electrodes, the rays are generated, creating a glowing patch where they strike the glass at the opposite end of the tube. Through experimentation, Thomson discovered that the rays could be deflected by an electric field (in addition to magnetic fields, which was already known). He concluded that these rays, rather than being waves, were composed of negatively charged particles he called "corpuscles" (they would later be renamed electrons by other scientists). |
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Millikens oil drop expieriment
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The experiment entailed balancing the downward gravitational force with the upward drag and electric forces on tiny charged droplets of oil suspended between two metal electrodes. Since the density of the oil was known, the droplets' masses, and therefore their gravitational and buoyant forces, could be determined from their observed radii. Using a known electric field, Millikan and Fletcher could determine the charge on oil droplets in mechanical equilibrium. By repeating the experiment for many droplets, they confirmed that the charges were all multiples of some fundamental value
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Gold-foil experiment
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Rutherford
Shot delta rays through a piece of gold foil and the ray bounced everywhere showing that there isn't a pool of electrons but they are in orbitals |
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Plum pudding
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Protons and electrons are spread around like a blueberry muffin
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Nuclear
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The nucleus is positively charged with electrons surrounding it
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The amount if protons
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How can you tell elements from one another
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A- mass number
X- chemical symbol Z- atomic number |
A
ZX |
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Elements
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Protons=electrons
Mass number= protons/electrons + neutrons Neutrons= mass number - protons/ electrons |
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Isotopes
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Different number of neutrons
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Ions
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Different number of electrons
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Mendeleev
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Crested the periodic table by atomic mass
Today it is in atomic number |
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Mole
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6.022 x 10(23) atoms, particles, molecules/ 1 mol of a substance
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Molar mass
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1 mol of a substance
Mol----> mass Mass----> mol |
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Ionic compounds
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Have at least one metal
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Molecular compounds
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Prefixes in the nomenclature
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Transition metals
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They get the Roman numerals in their names
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Formula mass
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CH(4) ---> 12 + 4 = 16
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Percent composition
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CH (4)
12/16 x 100 = 75% |
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Synthesis
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A + B ---> AB
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Decomposition
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AB ---> A + B
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Combustion
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C (x) H (y) + O (2) ---> CO (2) + H(2)O
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Acid / Base
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Acid + Base ---> salt + H(2)O
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Single replacement
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Al +NaCl ---> AlCl (3) + 3Na
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Double replacement
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AB + CD ---> AD + CB
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