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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is wavelength
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the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs
-measured in meters -also measured in nanometers |
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What is frequency
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the number of waves per second that pass a given point in space
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What is the value for c in the equation ƒv=c
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3.0*10^8
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What is planck's constant and equation?
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E=hv
h=6.626*10^-34 |
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What is a quantum
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A Packet of energy
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Who's theory was it that energy was quantized into specific units?
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Planck
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What are photons?
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Electromagnetic radiation that can be viewed as a stream of particles
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What is deBroglie's Equation and what does it prove?
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Wavelength = (Planck's Constant (h)/mass*velocity). This proves that matter exhibits properties of waves
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What happens when a sample of H2 gas receives a high energy spark?
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The H2 molecules absorb energy and some of the H-H bonds are broken
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What is an emission spectrum?
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A group of various colors. A specific color is released based on the wavelength of the excited atom
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What does a "line" emission spectrum indicate in a hydrogen atom?
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Only certain energies are allowed for the electron in the hydrogen atom.
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What is Niels Bohr's quantum equation for the hydrogen atom?
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E=(-2.178*10^-18J) * (Z^2/N^2)
n = integer for energy state of atom Z=nuclear charge of the atom |
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What is the equation for ∆E?
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Energy of final state - Energy of initial state
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What is the general equation for the electron moving from one level to another level?
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∆E=(-2.178*10^-18J)*(1/n^2final-1/n^2initial)
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According to the Bohr electron model, what happens to the electron as it becomes more tightly bound
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The electron's energy becomes more negative.
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What does the square of a wave function (Ψ^2) indicate
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The square of the wave function (Ψ^2) indicates the probability of finding an electron near a particular point in space
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What is Ψ^2 most conveniently represented as?
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A probability distribution
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What does the Ψ indicate and how is it characterized?
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an orbital. it is characterized by a series of numbers called quantum numbers
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What is the value of l for every term of n
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l=0 to n-1
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What are the letters assigned to:
l=0 l=1 l=2 l=3 |
s
p d f |
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What is the value of m(l)?
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-l...0...l
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What are angular momentum quantum numbers?
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numbers related to the shape of the atomic orbital. symbolized by l
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What are magnetic quantum numbers?
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numbers related to the orientation of the orbital in space relative to the other orbitals in the atom. symbolized my m(l)
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What is the Pauli Exclusion Principal?
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In a given atom no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers (n,l,m(l),m(s)
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what is the value of m(s)
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1/2 or -1/2 based on the spin of electrons. 1/2 of odd, -1/2 is even
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What is Hund's rule
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The lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the maximum number of unpaired electrons allowed in a particular set of degenerate orbitals. All of the electrons spin up before more downspin electrons are added to
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What are Valence electrons?
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electrons in the outermost principle quantum level of an atom
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What two atoms have a special case and what is it
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Cr and Cu. One of the s electrons is moved to the d orbital to make it more stable
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What is the first ionization energy?
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the energy required to remove the highest-energy electron of an atom
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Why does Phosphorus have a greater ionization energy than Sulfur
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The electron configuration of Phosphorus shows that since it has 3 up spinning electrons it is more stable than sulfur that has only one electron with a dual spin
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What is a polar covalent bond?
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A bond between two atoms where electrons are shared unequally between nuclei resulting in fractional (partial) charges
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What are the rules for electronegativity trends?
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1. Increases from left to right across a period
2. Generally decreases from top to bottom down a group 3. Fluorine is the most electronegative element |
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What type of bond is there when the electronegativity difference is zero?
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Covalent
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What type of bond is there when the electronegativity difference is intermediate?
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Polar Covalent
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What type of bond is there when the electronegativity difference is large?
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Ionic
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Explain Dipolar
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When a molecule (such as HF) has a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge:
1. The molecule has a dipole moment. |
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What are isoelectric ions?
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ions containing the same number of electrons (O2-, F-, Na+, Mg2+, Al 3+)
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What is Lattice Energy?
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the change in energy that takes place when separated gaseous ions are packed together to form an ionic solid
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What is the formula for enthalpy?
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∆H=∑D(Bonds Broken)-∑D(Bonds formed)
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Which elements can exceed the octet rule?
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elements in period 3 or below
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Which two elements often have fewer than 8 electrons around them in their compounds?
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Be and B
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What is Resonance?
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Resonance is invoked when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a molecule. The correct description of the molecule is not given by any one of the resonance structures, but by the superposition of all the resonance structures.
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What is Formal Charge?
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The difference between the number of valence electrons on the free atom and the number of valence electrons assigned to the atom in the molecule.
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What do Metallic carbonates decompose into?
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Metallic Oxides and Carbon Dioxides
Ex: MgCO3 --> MgO + CO2 |
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What do Metallic chlorates decompose into?
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Metallic Chlorides and Oxygen
Ex: Mg(ClO3)2 --> MgCl2 + 3O2 |
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What do Ammonium carbonates decompose into?
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Ammonia, Water, and Carbon Dioxide
(NH4)2CO3) --> 2NH3 + H20 + CO2 |
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What do Sulfurous acids decompose into?
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Sulfur dioxide and Water
H2SO3 --> H2O + SO2 |
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What do Carbonic Acids decompose into?
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Carbon dioxide and Water
H2CO3 --> H2O+CO2 |
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What does a binary compound break down to produce?
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Two elements
Ex: 2NaCl --> 2Na+Cl2 |
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What does Hydrogen peroxide decompose into?
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Water and Oxygen
Ex: 2H202 --> 2H20+02 |
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What does Ammonium hydroxide decompose into?
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Ammonia and Water
Ex; NH4OH --> NH3 + HOH |
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What shape is the molecule when it has 2 electron pairs and 0 lone pairs
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Linear
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What shape is the molecule when it has 3 electron pairs and 0 lone pairs
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Trigonal Planar
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What shape is the molecule when it has 3 electron pairs and 1 lone pairs
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Bent
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What shape is the molecule when it has 4 electron pairs and 0 lone pairs
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Tetrahedral
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What shape is the molecule when it has 4 electron pairs and 1 lone pairs
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Pyramidal
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What shape is the molecule when it has 4 electron pairs and 2 lone pairs
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Bent
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What shape is the molecule when it has 5 electron pairs and 0 lone pairs
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Trigonal Bipyramidal
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What shape is the molecule when it has 5 electron pairs and 1 lone pairs
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See-Saw
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What shape is the molecule when it has 5 electron pairs and 2 lone pairs
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T-Shape
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What shape is the molecule when it has 5 electron pairs and 3 lone pairs
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Linear
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What shape is the molecule when it has 6 electron pairs and 0 lone pairs
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Octahedral
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What shape is the molecule when it has 6 electron pairs and 1 lone pairs
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Square Pyramidal
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What shape is the molecule when it has 6 electron pairs and 2 lone pairs
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Square Planar
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what is a sigma bond
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electron pair is shared in an area centered on a line running between atoms (single bond)
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what is a π bond?
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sharing an electron pair above or below the sigma bond
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What four molecular shapes do not have dipole moments
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Linear, Trigonal Planar, Tetrahedral, Square Planar
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Metal Oxide + Water = What?
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Base
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Non metal oxide + water = What?
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Acid
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