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41 Cards in this Set
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Sagittal Plane |
A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts exactly in the midline (medial plane) |
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Frontal Plane |
Lie vertically, divide the body into anterior and posterior and is also called the coronal plane |
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Transverse or horizontal plane |
Runs horizontally from right to left dividing the body into superior and inferior parts |
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Oblique Planes |
Sections are cut diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes. They are often confusing and rarely used. |
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Anatomy |
The study of structure- Subdivisions are -gross or macroscopic (eg regional systematic or surface anatomy) -Microscopic (eg cytology and histology) -developmental (eg embryology) |
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To Study Anatomy |
Mastery of Anatomical Language Observation (seeing) Manipulation (changing) Palpation (touching) Auscultation (hearing) |
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Physiology |
Study of function of the body Subdivisions - based on organ systems (eg renal or cardiovascular) -often focuses on cellular and molecular level -body's ability to depend on chemical reactions in individual cells |
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To Study Physiology |
Ability to focus at many levels (from systematic to cellular and molecular) Basic chemical properties |
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Anatomy and Physiology are inseparable |
Function always reflects struggle What a structure can do depends on its specific form |
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Superior (Cranial) |
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body |
The head is superior to the abdomen |
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Inferior (caudal) |
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |
The naval is inferior to the chin |
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Ventral (anterior) |
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of |
The breast bone is anterior to the spine |
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Dorsal (posterior) |
Toward or at the back of the body; behind |
The heart is posterior to the breast bone |
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Medial |
Toward or at the middle of the body on the inner side. |
The heart is medial to the arm |
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Lateral |
Away from the middle of the body, on the outer side. |
The arms are lateral to the chest |
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Intermediate |
Between a more medial and more lateral structure. |
The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder |
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Proximal |
Closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
The elbow is proximal to the wrist |
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Distal |
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk |
The knee is distal to the thigh |
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Superficial (external) |
Toward or at the body surface. |
The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles |
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Deep (internal) |
Away from the body surface, more internal. |
The Lungs are deep to the skin |
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Visceral and Parietal Membranes |
-The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin double layered membrane, serosa or serous membrane. -The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called a parietal. It folds in on itself to form the visceral serosa covering the organs in the cavity. -The parietal pericardium lines the pericardial cavities and folds back as the visceral pericardium which covers the heart. -Parietal pluera lines the walls of the thoracic cavity and the visceral pluera covers the lungs -Parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the abdomenopelvic cavity while the visceral peritoneum covers the most of the organs within the cavity. |
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Cranial cavity |
Cavity that houses the brain |
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Vertebral cabity |
The cavity that houses the spinal cord |
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Thoracic cavity |
Superior mediastinum pleural cavity and pericardial cavity within the mediastinum, cavity that houses the heart and lungs |
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Abdominal cavity |
Cavity that houses the digestive viscera, abdomen |
Epi - upon, above Gastric - belly |
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Pelvic cavity |
Cavity that houses the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum |
Hypo- below |
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Abdominal quadrants |
Right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant |
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Umbilical region |
One of the 9 abdominal regions. The center most region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (naval). Small intestine and transverse colon of the large intestine |
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Epigastric region |
One of the 9 abdominal regions. Located superior to the umbilical region. Stomach. |
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Hypogastric (pubic) region |
Located inferior to the umbilical region. Urinary bladder. |
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Right and left iliac region |
Lateral to the hypogastric region. Right- cecum, appendix Left- initial part of the sigmoid colon |
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Right and left lumbar regions |
Lateral to the umbilical region. Right - ascending colon of the large intestine Left - descending colon of the large intestine |
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Right and Left hypochondriac regions |
Lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs. Right - liver and gallbladder Left - spleen |
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Integumentary System |
Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat oil glands (hair, nails, and skin) |
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Skeletal system |
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. Bones and joints. |
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Muscular system |
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat. |
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Lymphatic system/immunity |
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. |
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Respiratory System |
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. |
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Digestive system |
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. |
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Nervous system |
As the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands |
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Endocrine system |
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells |
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