A&p Chapter 7 & 8

Front 1

functions of the skeletal system

Back 1

1. Support

2. Protection

3. Movement

4. Storage

5. Hematopoiesis

Front 2

Bone types

Back 2

1. long bones

2. short bones

3. flat bones

4. irregular bones

**sesamoid bones

Front 3

Structure of long bones

Back 3

1. Diaphysis

2. Medullary cavity

3. Epiphysis

4. Articular cartilage

5. Periosteum

6. Endosteum

Front 4

Diploe

Back 4

cancellous (spongy) bone layer of flat bones

Front 5

outer layer of bone

Back 5

compact bone

Front 6

trabeculae

Back 6

the beams that form the lattice of spongy bone

Front 7

osteons (aka haversian systems)

Back 7

numerous structural units of bones

Front 8

concentric lamella

Back 8

rings of calcified matrix that compose osteons

Front 9

central canal (aka haversian canal)

Back 9

contains blood vessels and are surrounded by circular lamallae

Front 10

transverse canals (aka Volkmann canals)

Back 10

connected to central canals

Front 11

osteocytes

Back 11

bone cells

Front 12

osteocytes lie between hard layers of lamallae in spaces called

Back 12

lacunae

Front 13

canaliculi

Back 13

connect the lacunae with each other and the central canal

Front 14

chondrocytes

Back 14

cartilage cells that are located in the lacunae

Front 15

before birth, babies don't have bones, but instead have

Back 15

cartilage and fibrous structures shaped like bones

Front 16

osteoblasts

Back 16

bone-forming cells

Front 17

osteoclasts

Back 17

bone-reabsorbing cells

Front 18

In athletes' bones, these are simulated to strengthen their bones

Back 18

osteoblasts

Front 19

endochondral ossification

Back 19

formed in cartilage

Front 20

epiphyseal plate

Back 20

cartilage between epiphyses and diaphysis that remains as long as growth continues. Turns into bone once growth stops

Front 21

instramembraneous ossification

Back 21

some bones are formed by calcification of fibrous membranes

Front 22

fontanels

Back 22

soft spots

Front 23

axial skeleton

Back 23

skull, trunk, and spine bones

Front 24

appendicular skeleton

Back 24

upper and lower extremity bones

Front 25

skeleton is divided into two parts called

Back 25

axial and appendicular skeleton

Front 26

Total bones in the body

Back 26

206

Front 27

Skull bones

Back 27

Cranium - 8 bones

Face - 14 bones

Middle ear - 6 bones

Front 28

sinuses

Back 28

spaces and cavities within some cranial bones

Front 29

paranasal sinuses

Back 29

have openings into the nose

Front 30

sutures

Back 30

immovable joints (found in the skull)

Front 31

hyoid bone

Back 31

anchor for tongue muscles and helps support the larynx

Front 32

the flexible vertebral column consists of 24 bones called

Back 32

vertebrae

Front 33

sacrum and coccyx

Back 33

inferior end of vertebral column

Front 34

atlas

Back 34

first cervical vertebra, ring made up of an anterior arch and posterior arch

Front 35

axis

Back 35

second cervical vertebra

Front 36

articulation

Back 36

joint between two or more bones

Front 37

synarthroses

Back 37

joints with no movement (sutures)

Front 38

amphiarthroses

Back 38

joints with slight movement (symphysis pubis)

Front 39

diarthroses

Back 39

joints with free movement

Front 40

shoulder joint type

Back 40

ball and socket

Front 41

elbow joint type

Back 41

hinge joint

Front 42

does not characterize freely movable joints

Back 42

tendons

Front 43

zygomatic

Back 43

facial bone

Front 44

origin

Back 44

attachment to the more stationary none

Front 45

insertion

Back 45

attachment to the more movable muscle

Front 46

tendon sheaths

Back 46

enclose some tendons

Front 47

myosin

Back 47

protein that forms thick myofilaments

Front 48

actin

Back 48

protein that forms thin myofilaments

Front 49

sarcomere

Back 49

contractile unit

Front 50

sliding filament model

Back 50

explanation of how a skeletal muscle contracts

Front 51

functions of a skeletal muscle

Back 51

1. Movement

2. Posture

3. Heat production

4, Fatigue

Front 52

prime mover

Back 52

muscle mainly responsible for movement

Front 53

synergist muscle

Back 53

helps in producing movement

Front 54

antagonist muscle

Back 54

relaxes when the prime mover and synergist muscles contract (opposite)

Front 55

tonic contraction

Back 55

muscle tone

Front 56

maintains posture

Back 56

muscle tone

Front 57

fatigue

Back 57

occurs when muscles don't have adequate rest

Front 58

oxygen debt

Back 58

increased metabolism required to remove excess lactic acid

Front 59

motor neuron

Back 59

stimulates muscle fibers

Front 60

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

Back 60

the point of contact between nerve ending and muscle fiber

Front 61

acetylcholine

Back 61

type of neurotransmitter in each NMJ

Front 62

threshold stimulus

Back 62

the minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract

Front 63

"All or None"

Back 63

muscles contract completely when subjected to a threshold stimulus

Front 64

Types of skeletal muscle contraction

Back 64

1. Twitch

2. Tetanic

3. Isotonic

4. Isometric

Front 65

tenanus contraction

Back 65

contractions "melt" together to produce a sustained contraction

Front 66

concentric contraction

Back 66

muscle shortens

Front 67

eccentric contraction

Back 67

muscle lengthens

Front 68

isotonic contraction

Back 68

produces movement of a joint

Front 69

isometric contraction

Back 69

muscle contracts and no movement results

Front 70

disuse atrophy

Back 70

loss of muscle mass during prolonged inactivity

Front 71

hypertrophy

Back 71

increase in muscle size due to exercise

Front 72

flexion

Back 72

makes angle between two bones smaller

Front 73

extension

Back 73

extends angle between two bones (opposite of flexion)

Front 74

abduction

Back 74

away from midline

Front 75

adduction

Back 75

toward midline

Front 76

supination

Back 76

top of hand down

Front 77

pronation

Back 77

palm of hand down

Front 78

inversion

Back 78

big toe up

Front 79

eversion

Back 79

pinky toe up

Front 80

pectoralis major

Back 80

flexes arm

Front 81

latissimus dorsi

Back 81

extends arm

Front 82

deltoid

Back 82

abducts arm

Front 83

biceps brachii

Back 83

flexes forearm, flexes elbow

Front 84

triceps brachii

Back 84

extends forearm, known as boxer's muscle

Front 85

quadriceps femoris group (extend lower leg)

Back 85

rectus femoris

vastus muscles

Front 86

orbicularis oris

Back 86

found in face

Front 87

circumduction

Back 87

movement around a longitudinal axis