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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Integumentary system |
hair, skin & nails primary function is protection |
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Largest sensory organ, accounting for 16% of body weight |
skin |
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Skeletal system |
made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints |
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fibrous connective tissue that holds bones together |
ligaments |
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connections between 2 or more bones |
joints |
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forms red blood cells |
bones |
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Muscular system primary function |
movement |
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tendons |
sheets or straps of dense fibrous connective tissue, connects muscle to bone or other muscle |
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smooth muscle |
Found in walls of hollow organs (stomach, small intestine) and helps move fluid through organs |
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nervous system |
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
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central nervous system |
brain and spinal cord |
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peripheral nervous system |
eyes, cranial nerves, and spinal nerves |
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nerve impulses |
signal body functions |
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Release hormones into the blood |
endocrine system |
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neuroendocrine system |
nervous system and endocrine system have the same primary functions: communication, integration, and control |
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Endocrine system |
made up of the hypothalamus, parathyroid, pineal, pituitary, thymus, thyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands |
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cardiovascular system (aka circulatory system) |
heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries |
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primary function of the cardiovascular system |
transportation |
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lymphatic system |
lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus gland, and spleen |
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lymph |
fluid that contains lymphocytes, proteins, and fatty molecules, but no red blood cells |
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lymph node primary function |
filtration |
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Immune system primary function |
protects with phagocytes, produces and secretes antibodies |
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respiratory system |
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs |
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alveoli |
exchange CO2 for O2 |
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diaphragm |
sheet of muscle that helps to inflate lungs |
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digestive system |
contains primary and accessory organs |
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alimentary canal (aka digestive tract) |
digests and absorbs nutrients |
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urinary system |
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
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filters waste products of blood (urine)
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kidneys |
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reproductive system primary function |
survival of genes |
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gonads |
male = testes female = ovaries |
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appendages |
hair, nails, and skin glands |
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cover and protect the body's surface, line body cavities, and cover the inner surfaces of the hollow organs |
membranes |
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secrete lubricating fluids that reduce friction during organ movements (heart & lungs) |
serous membranes |
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epithelial membranes |
composed of epithelial tissue and an underlying later of fibrous connective tissue |
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connective tissue membranes |
composed exclusively of various types of connective tissue (NO epithelial tissue) |
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3 types of epithelial membranes |
cutaneous, serous, mucous |
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cutaneous membrane (skin) |
superficial layer of epithelial cells with connective tissue under it |
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serous membrane |
simple squamous epithelium and basement membranes |
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basement membrane |
gluelike; holds and supports epithelial tissue |
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parietal layer |
serous membrane that lines the walls of body cavities |
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visceral layer |
folds inward to cover the organs within the body cavities |
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pleura |
serous membrane of the thoracic cavity around each lung |
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peritoneum |
serous membrane of the abdominal cavity |
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pericardium |
a thin, watery fluid-filled sac around the heart to help lubricate the beats of the heart |
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pleurisy |
painful inflammation of the pleura |
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peritonitis |
inflammation of the serous membrane in the abdominal cavity, can be a result of an infected appendix |
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mucous membrane |
epithelial membranes that contain an epithelial layer and a fibrous connective tissue layer |
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lines body surfaces opening directly to the exterior |
mucous membranes |
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membrane most commonly composed of either simple squamous or simple columnar epithelia |
mucous membrane |
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mucus |
thick, slimy material that keeps membranes moist and soft, secreted by epithelial cells |
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lamina propria |
fibrous connective tissue underlying the epithelium of mucous membranes |
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mucocutaneous junction |
transitional area (fusion) where skin and mucous membranes meet ex. eyelids, lips, nasal openings, vulva, and anus |
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connective tissue membranes |
don't contain epithelial tissue |
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synovial membranes |
line joint capsules that surround and attach the ends of bones and joints, smooth and slick |
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bursae |
small cushionlike sacs that are found between many moving body parts; lined by synovial membranes |
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the skin |
made up of epidermis and dermis layers |
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epidermis |
outermost layer of skin, thin sheet of stratified squamous epithelium |
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stratum germinativum |
innermost layer of epidermis, constantly undergoes mitosis and sheds old skin cells |
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keratin |
tough, waterproof material, protective, abrasion-resistant qualities (located in the stratum corneum) |
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stratum corneum |
outermost layer of epidermis |
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pigment |
color of skin, located in stratum germinativum |
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melanin |
brown pigment produced by basal layer cells called melanocytes |
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main function of melanin |
absorb UV radiation before it reaches tissues below the outer layers of epidermis |
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cyanosis |
blue-gray coloring of skin that occurs if blood -oxygen levels decrease |
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dermal papillae |
small nipplelike bumps that play an important role in the dermal-epidermal junction |
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dermis |
deeper than epidermis, composed largely of connective tissue |
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papillary layer |
upper region of dermis, characterized by dermal papillae, composed of loose connective tissue |
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reticular layer |
deeper area of dermis, dense network of interlacing fibers |
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subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia or hypodermis) |
lies deep to the dermis and forms a connection between the skin and underlying structures |
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cleavage plane |
causes separation, occurs between superficial fascia and underlying structures |
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tissue where loose fibrous and adipose tissue are prominent |
subcutaneous tissue |
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follicles |
required for hair growth |
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lanugo |
newborn hair |
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hair growth begins from a small bump called the |
hair papilla |
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arrector pili |
muscles responsible for "goosebumps" |
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lunula |
white, crescent-shaped part of the nail, meaning "little moon" |
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nail bed |
made of epithelial tissue, abundant blood vessels |
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skin receptors |
sensory function of skin |
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Lamellar (Pacini) corpuscle |
detects deep pressure |
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Tactile (Meissner) corpuscle |
detects light touch |
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sweat glands (sudoriferous glands) |
most numerous glands, classified between eccrine or apocrine glands |
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eccrine |
most numerous, important, and widespread skin glands. Produces thin, watery liquid called perspiration |
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apocrine |
primarily found in the axilla (armpits) and in the pigmented areas around the genitals. Excrete a thicker sweat than eccrine gland |
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sebaceous glands |
oil glands that grow where hair grows; secrete oil for skin and hair called sebum |
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sebum |
"nature's skin cream" prevents drying and cracking of skin. Also responsible for pimples and blackheads |
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Functions of skin |
1. Protection 2. Temperature regulation 3. Sense organ activity 4. Excretion 5. Synthesis of vitamin D |
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Most common types of skin cancer |
squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma |
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Kaposi Sarcoma |
skin cancer than can develop as a result of immune deficiencies |
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
slow growing malignant tumor of the epidermis. Will metastasize if left untreated. |
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Basal Cell Carcinoma |
most common form of skin cancer, originates on upper face. Less likely to metastasize. |
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Malignant melanoma |
most serious form of skin cancer, typically develops from benign moles |
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ABCDE Rule |
warning signs of malignant melanoma |
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A B C D E |
Asymmetry Border Color Diameter Evolving |
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3 major factors used to classify burns |
1. Depth and number of tissue layers involved 2. Total body surface area affected 3. Type of homeostatic mechanisms are damaged or destroyed |
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Rule of Nines |
divides the body into 11 areas accounting for 9% of the body |
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Rule of Nines locations and percentages |
Head (front and back) = 9% Torso = 18% Back = 18% Arms (front and back of right and left) = 18% Legs (front and back of right and left) = 36% Genitals = 1% |
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First degree burn |
reddening of skin, no blistering. Considered a partial thickness burn |
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Second degree burn |
deep injury to epidermis, extends to dermis with blisters, pain, swelling, and scarring is common. Considered a partial thickness burn |
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Third degree burn |
complete destruction of epidermis and dermis, extends to subcutaneous tissue. Patient will not experience immediate pain, as nerves have been damaged. Considered a full thickness burn |
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Fourth degree burn |
Reaches the muscle or bone |
