A&p Chapter 22 Stress

Front 1

Adaptation

Back 1

condition of many sensory receptors in which the magnitude of a receptor potential decreases over a period of time in response to a continuous stimulus

Front 2

Alarm Reaction

Back 2

The initial response to stress

Front 3

Corticoids

Back 3

The amount of urinary adrenocorticoids is often used as a measure of stress. It has been found to increase in depressed persons who feel hopeless and doomed, in test pilots, and in college students taking examinations or attending exciting movies. In contrast, urinary corticoids were found to drop markedly in persons watching unexciting nature-study films.

Front 4

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Back 4

group of changes that make the presence of stress in the body known

Front 5

Stage of Exhaustion

Back 5

third stage of the general adaptation syndrome; when the body can no longer cope or adapt to stressors

Front 6

Stage of Resistance

Back 6

second stage of the general adaptation syndrome

Front 7

Stress Syndrome

Back 7

signs and symptoms associated with the body's frequently maladaptive response to stressors; diverse changes initiated by stress

Front 8

Stressors

Back 8

any agent or stimulus that produces stress

Front 9

Define the terms stress syndrome and stress.

Back 9

1. Stress syndrome is a set of signs and symptoms that occur together, but they seem to be characteristic of one particular disease. Stress is a state, or condition, of the body produced by “diverse nocuous agents” and manifested by a syndrome of changes.

Front 10

Identify the three changes Hans Selye called the “stress triad.”

Back 10

2. Enlarged adrenal glands, shrunken lymphatic organs, and bleeding gastrointestinal ulcers.

Front 11

List four characteristics of stressors.

Back 11

3. Stressors are extreme stimuli. Stressors are very often injurious, unpleasant, or painful stimuli. Anything that an individual perceives as a threat (emotions) acts as a stressor, and stressors differ in different individuals and in one individual at different times.

Front 12

What is the general adaptation syndrome?

Back 12

4. The syndrome or group of changes that make the presence of stress in the body known.

Front 13

Identify the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome. How do they differ?

Back 13

5. Alarm reaction: hypertrophied adrenal cortex, atrophied lymphatic organs, and bleeding gastric and duodenal ulcers. Stage of resistance: The adrenal cortex and medulla return to their normal rates of secreting hormones. Stage of exhaustion: Corticoid secretion and adaptation eventually decrease markedly.

Front 14

Discuss the types of responses produced in the body by increased sympathetic activity.

Back 14

6. Stress activates the organs that produce responses that make up the general adaptation syndrome. “Alarm signals,” presumably through the hypothalamus, stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and the pituitary gland. These actions lead to the secretion of epinephrine and ACTH, hypertrophy of adrenal cortex, and increased secretion of glucocorticoids.

Front 15

What is meant by the phrase “diseases of adaptation”?

Back 15

7. “Diseases of adaptation” occur when the body’s adaptive mechanisms fail to meet the challenge issued by stressors. When they fail, disease results.

Front 16

What is the fight-or-flight reaction?

Back 16

8. The fight-or-flight reaction is a stimulation of sympathetic centers by impulses from the stress-stimulated hypothalamus. This leads to many stress responses such as increase in rate and strength of heartbeat, a rise in blood pressure, hyperglycemia, pallor and coolness of skin, sweaty palms, and dry mouth.

Front 17

List four indicators of stress.

Back 17

9. Answers may include: an increase in the rate and force of the heartbeat, a rise in systolic blood pressure, an increase in blood and urine concentration of epinephrine and norepinephrine, sweating of the palms and hands, dilation of pupils, increased amount of urinary adrenocorticoids, and an increased level of adrenocorticoids in the blood plasma.

Front 18

What is the difference between physiological and psychological stress?

Back 18

10. Physiological stress refers to the condition or state of the body. Psychological stress refers to the state of mind.