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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sac around the heart is called
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Pericardium
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Blood is a connective tissue composed of . . .
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plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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#1
Where is the heart located? |
Mediastinum
* Superior surface of diaphragm * Left of the midline * Anterior to the vertebral colum, posterior to the sterum |
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Outer surface of the heart
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Epicardium
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Functions of blood include . . .
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1) Distribution of oxygen. 2) Regulation of body temperature. 3) Protects against blood loss and infection.
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#2
What - * Protects and anchors the heart * Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood * Allows for the heart to work in a relatively friction free environment |
Pericardium
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Thick heart muscle
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Myocardium
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Nitrogenous by-products of metabolism—lactic acid, urea, creatinine
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Blood Plasma
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#3
Name the pericardial layers of the heart |
Pericardium
Myocardium Fibrous skelton Endocardium |
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These are dedicated to respiratory gas transport.
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Erythrocytes
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Blood cell formation
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Hematopoiesis
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#5
What is the cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart? |
Myocardium
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Too few RBCs leads to . . .
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blood viscosity
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#6
Name the crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue |
Fibrous skeleton of the heart
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Too many RBCs increases
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blood viscosity
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#7
What is the endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface called? |
Endocardium
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Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis
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The hormone EPO
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#8
Name the four vessels returning blood to the heart: |
Superior & Inferior Venae Cavae
Right & Left Pulmonary Veins |
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Blood has abnormally low O2-carrying capacity
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Anemia
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What is in the pericardial cavity?
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Serous fluid that keeps the heart from sticking to the pericardium
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#9
Name the 2 vessels conveying blood away from the heart: |
Pulmnary trunk
Ascending aorta |
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Anemia is accompanied by . . .
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fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and chills
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What is inflamation of the heart called?
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Pericarditis
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#10
The pulmonary trunch splits into right and left ______. |
Pulmonary arteries
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Anemia is caused by . . .
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Insufficient erythrocytes, Low Hemoglobin content (Iron Deficiency), Lack of B12, and sickle anemia
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The pacemaker of the heart is what?
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Sinoatrial node-SA
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Average heart rate
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72/bpm
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There are 5 types of leukocytes (WBC). They are. . .
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Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, and Monocytes
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#12
Name the 4 arteries that drain blood away from the heart |
right and left coronary (in atrioventricular groove) marginal circumflex, and anterior interventricular arteriers.
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Fast heart rate
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Tachycardia
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These WBC are the most numerous and serve as bacteria slayers.
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Neutrophils
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#13
Name the 3 veins that supply blood to the heart |
small cardiac, anterior cardiac, and great cardiac veins.
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Slow heart rate
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Bradycardia
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These WBC digest parasitic worms.
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Eosinophils
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These WBC are the rarest and contain histamine
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Basophils
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#15
The 3 vessels conveying blood away from the heart include: |
aorta
right and left pulmonary arteries |
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What blood thinner does a leech naturally contain?
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Heparin
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These WBC have a multilobed
nucleus. |
Neutrophils
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#16
What artery is associated with the atrioventricular groove? |
Right coronary artery
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These WBC have a bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules.
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Eosinophils
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These WBC have a bi-lobed nucleus,purplish-black
cytoplasmic granules. |
Basophils
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Largest artery in the body is what?
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Aorta
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These WBC are crucial to immunity.
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Lymphocytes
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These WBC leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages
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Monocytes
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These WBC have a large spherical nucleus.
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Lymphocyte
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These WBC are kidney-shaped.
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Monocytes
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Where does the exchange of CO2 and O2 take place?
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Alveoli
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#22
Blood enters the right atrium from where? |
the superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus
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These are crucial to blood clotting and seal small tears in blood vessels.
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Platelets
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What is the Pulmonary System
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right side of heart, receives venous blood returning from the body and pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
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#23
Blood enters the atria from what veins? |
pulmonary veins
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Abnormally low WBC count
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Leukopenia
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What is the Systemic System
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left side of heart, receives blood from lungs and pumps blood to the body
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#24
What are the discharging chambers of the heart? |
Ventricles
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Cancerous conditions involving WBCs
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Leukemia
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What is a receiving chamber called
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Atria
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Acute leukemia primarily
affects . . . |
children
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#26
The right ventricle pumps blood into the _______. |
pulmonary truck
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#27
The left ventricle pumps blood into the ________. |
aorta
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Chronic leukemia is more prevalent in . . .
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older people
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Arteries do what
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Carry blood away from the heart
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#28
Name the pathway of blood throught the heart and lungs |
Right atrium - tricuspid valuve - right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary arteries - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - aorta systemic circulation
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Series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding
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1)Vascular spasm
2)Platelet plug formation 3)Coagulation (blood clotting) |
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Veins do what
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Carry blood back to the heart
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A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
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Thrombus
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What is the valve between the Right Atrium and Right Ventricle called
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Tricuspid valve
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A thrombus freely floating in the blood stream.
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Embolus
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What is the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle called
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Right semilunar valve
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People with O type blood can be called. . .
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universal donors
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What is the valve between the Left Atrium and the Left Ventricle
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Bicuspic or Mitral valve
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What is the valve between the Left Ventricle and the exiting artery
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Left semilunor or Aortic
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People who have AB type blood are called. . .
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Universal Recipient
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#37
What valves prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles? |
Semilunar valves
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#58
What layer lines the surface of the heart? |
visceral layer or epidcardium
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#59
The pericardium is seperated by the fluid filled _____ _____. |
the fluid-filled pericardial cavity
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What is a set of reaction in which blood is transformed from liquid to a gel?
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Coagulation
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In what disease is the bone marrow totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes?
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Leukemia
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In this condition defective gene codes for abnormally shaped hemoglobin
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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This condition causes RBCs to become sick shaped in low oxygen situations.
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Sick Cell Anemia
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These disorder causes undesirable clot formation...
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Thromboembolyic disorders
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This disorder is an abnormal excess of RBCs that increases blood viscosity, causing the blood to flow sluggishly.
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Polycythemia
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Blood doping, practiced by some athletes is artificially induced ...
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Polycythemia
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This is a sign rather than a disease itself.
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Anemia
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Causes of anemia include ...
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1) Not enough RBC
2) Low Hemoglobin Content 3) Sickle Cell Anemia 4) Pernicious Anemia (lack of B12) |
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Embolus are usually no problem until they encounter a blood vessel to narrow for it to pass through. Then it becomes . . .
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Embolism
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In this disorder one of the globin chains is absent or faulty, RBCs are thin and deficient in hemoglobin.
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Thalassemia
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This is a hereditary bleeding disorders where there is prolonged bleeding...
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Hemophilla
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Where does the ventricular filling take place?
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Mid to late diastole
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Trace the pathway of blood through the heart
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FOOT, Vena cavas & coronary sinus, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, LUNGS, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, BODY
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This causes clot/plaque build up and thoracic pain
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Angina pectoris
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Build up of fatty plaque and hardening of the arteries
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Atherosclerosis
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Ballooning of blood vessels
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Aneurysm
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Irregular heart rhythms
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Arrhythmias
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This node delays impulses
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AV
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This is found in the inter ventricular septum
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Bundle of HIS
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Complete pathways into apex-ventricular walls
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Purkinje Fibers
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Fast heart rate
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Tachycardia
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Slow heart rate
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Bradycardia
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Stroke Volume
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SV=EDV-ESV
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What is EDV?
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The volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole.
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What is ESV?
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The volume of blood in each ventricle after contraction.
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What is Cardiac Output?
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Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute.
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The volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat?
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Stroke volume
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Cardiac Output =
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Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)
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What blood vessel does not have three layers?
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Capallaries
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What are the three layers of blood vessels?
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Tunica Intima, tunica media, and tunica externa
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What tunica contains the endothelium, the simple squamous that lines the lumen of all blood vessels.
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Tunica Intima
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This tunica is made mostly of smooth muscles and sheets of elastin.
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Tunica media
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This tunica is composed mostly loosely woven collagen fibers that protect and reinforce the vessel.
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Tunica externa
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Reduction of the lumen diameter as the smooth contracts.
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Vasoconstriction
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Increase in lumen diameter as the smooth muscle contracts.
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Vasodilation
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These are thick walled arteries near the heart. They are the largest in diameter.
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Elastic Arteries
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This type of arteries contain more elastin than any other vessel type
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Elastic Arteries
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_____ are vessels that transport blood away from the heart
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Arteries
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______ are the smallest vessels, the link between arteries and veins in the pathway of blood.
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Capillaries
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In the _____ artery, the
tunica media is composed mainly of smooth muscle |
Muscular
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Three Groups of Arteries
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1. Elastic Arteries
2. Muscular Arteries 3. Arterioles |
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______ are the smallest arteries.
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Arterioles
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The more _____ tissue in an artery, the greater
its ability to expand and recoil |
Elastic
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______ consist of only a thin tunica intima or endothelium
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Capillaries
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_______ have virtually no elastin
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Arterioles
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This blood vessels have thinner walls, larger lumens than compared to arteries
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Veins
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This blood vessel has tunica media and a thick tunica externa consisting of collagen fibers and elastic networks.
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Veins
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Veins prevent the _____ of blood.
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Backflow
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Force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood
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Blood Pressure
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What are the factors that influence blood pressure
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CO, Peripheral resistance, and blood volume.
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The volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period.
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Blood Flow
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Opposition to flow and is a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through the vessel.
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Resistance
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What is the relationship between flow, pressure, and resistance?
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F = change in P/ R
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High blood pressure
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Hypertension
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Hypertension is common in ____ people.
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obese
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____ hypertension is a major risk because of heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke.
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Prolonged
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Hypertension accelerates the process _____
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Atherosclerosis
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What are the 4 layers of the heart?
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Pericardium, Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium
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What are the 4 chambers of the Heart?
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Right Atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle
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4 Valves of the Heart
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Tricuspid, Aortic, Pulmonary, Mitral (Bicuspid)
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The pacemaker of the heart
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SA node
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Heart muscle is deprived of oxygen and dies.
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Infarction
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Abnormal sound heard during a heart beat, may be caused by a valve defect
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Murmur
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A condition of irregular and rapid contraction of heart muscle cells.
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Fibrillation
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Which layer of the heart is deep layer of the pericardial cavity?
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Epicardium
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What happens in cardiac systole?
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The heart is contracting
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I am a granulocyte that only live for a few hours because I work so hard killing bacteria in your bloodstream.
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Neutrophil
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I am a leukocyte that contains granules of histamine and heparin.
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Basophil
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I am the biggest agranulocyte and you need me to move in to tissues to kill invading viruses and bacteria.
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Monocyte
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I might be uncommon but if you ever get a parasitic worm you'll be glad to have me.
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Eosinophil.
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Another name for a RBC
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Erythrocyte
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I am a white blood cell that hangs out in your lymph nodes waiting for a chance to mount an immune response.
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Lymphocyte
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I am very important in hemostatsis.
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Platelets
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You have O+ blood, name the blood types of the people you can accept blood from.
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only O
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Depolarization of SA node
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P Wave
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Ventricular Depolarization
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QRS Wave
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Ventricular Re-polarization
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T Wave
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Contraction
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Systole
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Relaxation
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Diastole
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When does ventricular filling take place?
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Mid to late diastole
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All valves are closed
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Isovolumetric
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What are the 3 factors that affect SV?
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Preload, Contractility, After-load
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What are the characteristics of blood?
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plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets
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What are the functions of blood?
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Distribute Oxygen, Regulate body temp, protect body against blood loss, and protect against infections
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What is dedicated to respiratory gases?
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RBCs
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Arteries carry blood ____ heart.
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away from
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Veins carry blood ____ heart.
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towards
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What blood vessel exchanges gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones?
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Capillaries
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These capillaries are abundant in skin, muscle, and brain?
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Continuous
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These capillaries have a tight junction forming a blood - brain barrier?
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Continuous
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These capillaries contain small pores and are more permeable?
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Fenestrated
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These capillaries function in absorption or filtrate?
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Fenestrated
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These capillaries have a large lumen, large intercellular clefts, and large pores.
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Sinusoidal
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These capillaries are found in bone marrow, liver, and spleen
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Sinusoidal
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