A&p Chap 22

Front 1

Difference between Lymph and Interstitial Fluid

Back 1

Difference is location Interstitial Fluid is found between cells and lymph is located within lymphatic tissue and vessels

Front 2

Two types of cells that participate in immune response

Back 2

B cells & T cells

Front 3

T cell & B cell Production and proliferation

Back 3

Both produced in Red bone marrow but only B cells mature there while immature T cells migrate to cortex of thymus and mature there

Front 4

Dendritic Cells

Back 4

Cells found in the Cortex of Thymus that aids in the maturation of T cells

Front 5

Large groups of Lymph nodes are present where? (3)

Back 5

Axillae, Groin, Mammary glands

Front 6

Trabeculae

Back 6

Extentions of Lymph Node capsule that divide it into compartments, support, and provides a route for blood vessels into node

Front 7

Metastasis

Back 7

Spread of disease from one part of body to another

Front 8

Composition of Spleen

Back 8

Capsule of dense connective tissue covered by peritoneum with trabeculae extending inward all constitute STROMA

Parenchyma is made of white pulp which is lympatic tissue made of lymphocytes and macrophages arranged around a central artery, Red pulp consists of RBCs, macrophages lymphocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes

Front 9

Sepsis

Back 9

Blood infection due to loss of filtering and phagocytic functions of spleen

Front 10

Lymphatic Nodules

Back 10

Egg shaped masses of lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule

Front 11

Peyer's Patches

Back 11

Large aggregations of lymphatic nodules found in ileum of SI

Front 12

Aggregations of Lymphatic Nodules (3)

Back 12

Peyer's patches
Tonsils
Appendix

Front 13

Five tonsils

Back 13

Pharyngeal tonsil or Adenoid is posterior nasopharynx

2 Palatine tonsils in posterior region of oral cavity (Commonly removed in tonsillectomy)

2 Linguinal tonsils at the base of tongue

Front 14

Kinin

Back 14

Polypeptides fromed in blood from kininogens that induce vasodilation and increased permeability

Front 15

Two immediate changes that occur in blood vessels as a result of injury

Back 15

Vasodilation

Increased permeability of capillaries

Front 16

Emigration

Back 16

Process in which phagocytes stick to endothelium and squeeze through blood vessel walls as a result of chemotaxis

Front 17

Leukocytosis

Back 17

Increase of WBC in the blood

Front 18

Pus

Back 18

Collections of dead cells and fluid as a result of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue

Front 19

Abscess

Back 19

Excessive accumulation of pus in a confined space i.e pimples and boils

Front 20

Ulcer

Back 20

Open sore formed when superficial inflamed tissue sloughs off due to poor circulation

Front 21

Three stages of Inflammation

Back 21

1) Vasodilation & Increased capillary permeability

2) Emigration of phagocytes

3) Tissue Repair

Front 22

Antigens

Back 22

Substances that are recognized as foreign and provoke immune responses

Front 23

Two properties that distinguish immunity from Nonspecific defenses

Back 23

1) Specificity for particular antigens

2) Memory for most previously encountered antigens so next encounter will yield greater response

Front 24

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

Back 24

T cells proliferate to cytotoxic T cells and directly attacks invading antigen

Effective for pathogens inside of cell

Front 25

Antibody-mediated immune response

Back 25

B cells transform into plasma cells that synthesize Antibodies /Immunoglobins

Effective for pathogens in body fluids and extracellular pathogens

Front 26

Epitope

Back 26

Numerous Antigenic Determinants found on Antigens each triggers an immune response

Front 27

2 Types of T cells and their functions

Back 27

CD 8 T cell proliferates into cytotoxic T cells

CD 4 T cells are T helper cells that aid in the proliferation of CD8 T cells into cytotoxic T cells and B cells into plasma cells

Front 28

Difference between Epitope and Hapten

Back 28

Epitope is an small immunogenic molecule attached to a larger antigen

Hapten is a small molecule that becomes immunogenic only after it attaches to a body protein

Front 29

Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC)

Back 29

Self antigens that mark the surface of each body cell except RBCs and help T cells distinguish between forein and self antigens

Front 30

Difference between MHC I and MHC II

Back 30

MHC I are built into plasma membranes of all body cells except RBCs

MHC II appear on surface of Antigen-Presenting Cells

Front 31

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) (3)

Back 31

Dendritic Cells, Macrophages and B cells

Front 32

Steps in processing and presenting of an exogenous antigen

Back 32

1) Ingestion of Antigen
2) Digestion of Antigen into peptide fragments
3) Synthesis of MHC-II during digestion
4) Fusion of MHC-II vesicle and Antigen Vesicle
5) Exocytosis of fused vesicle and insertion of Antigen-MHCII complexes into plasma Memb
6) Migration of APC into lymphatic tissue to present antigen to T cells

Front 33

Processing of Endogenous Antigens

Back 33

Process in which infected cells present Antigen-MHCI complexes after being infected and synthesizing endogenous antigens to red flag itself for killing

Front 34

Cytokine

Back 34

Small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit normal cell functions such as cell growth and differentiation. Also works in costimulation & activation of T cells and B cells

Front 35

Effector Cells

Back 35

Clones of activated T cells that recognize same antigen and attacks it

Front 36

First signal in activation of T cell

Back 36

Antigen Recognition by a T-cell Receptor (TCR) with CD4 or CD8 proteins

Front 37

Costimulation

Back 37

A T cell becomes activated only if it binds to the foreign antigen and at same time receives a second signal

Front 38

Helper T cells

Back 38

Has CD4 proteins for costimulation when binding to Antigen-MHCII complexes and proliferates to clones which release cytokines and memory T helper cells

Front 39

Cytotoxic T Cells

Back 39

CD8 Cells that recognize Antigen-MHCI complexes and becomes activated through costimulation by IL-2 and Cytokines produced by T Helper Cells

Front 40

Memory T Cells

Back 40

T cells that remain from a proliferated T cell and chills until the same foreign antigen comes again

Front 41

Perforin

Back 41

Protein found in NK cells and Cytotoxic T cells that poke holes in bacteria to cause cytolysis

Front 42

Two Cytotoxic T cell Mechanisms

Back 42

Granzymes released to digest proteins triggering apoptosis followed by phagocytes digesting the spilled microbes

Perforin released to puncture holes in Infected cell, Granulysin punches holds in microbe cell wall to cause them to lyse

Front 43

Plasma Cells

Back 43

Cells differentiated from B cells that produce Antibodies

Front 44

Hinge Region

Back 44

Part of antibody that allows bending of the arms to form T or Y shapes

Front 45

Stem Region

Back 45

Part of antibody where two heavy chains form

Front 46

Two regions on antibodies

Back 46

2 Variable regions where specific antigen binds that differ between epitopes

1 Constant region that is same in all antibodies of same class

Front 47

Complement Proteins

Back 47

Proteins made in the liver in an inactive form because they are dangerous. When first gets activated, triggers cascade of events that causes cytolysis