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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is immunity?
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Resistance to disease
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What are 2 types of defense systems?
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1. Innate (nonspecific) defense system
2. Adaptive (specific) defense system |
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What is innate (nonspecific) defense system?
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Is always prepared, responding within minutes to protect the body from all foreign substances.
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What are the 2 barricades that innate (nonspecific) defense system have?
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1. First line of defense
2. Second line of defense |
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What is 1st line of defense?
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External body membranes, intact skin and mucosae.
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What is the 2nd line of defense?
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The innate cellular and chemical defenses.
Is called into action whenever the first line has been penetrated, uses antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells to inhibit the invader's spread. |
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What is Adaptive (specific) defense system?
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Elite fighting force equipped with high the weapons that attacks particular foreign substances and provides the body's 3rd line of defense.
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What are the surface barriers of innate defense?
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1. Skin
2. Mucous membranes |
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What are internal defenses of innate defenses?
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1. Phagocytes
2. Fever 3. NK cells 4. Antimicrobial proteins 5. Inflammation |
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What are the 2 types of immunity in adaptive defenses?
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1. Humoral immunity
2. Cellular immunity |
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What is humoral immunity?
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B cells (B lymphocites)
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What is cellular immunity?
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T cells (T lymphocytes)
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What are pathogens?
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Harmful or disease-causing microorganism
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What is Congenital thymic aplasia?
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An immune deficiency disease in which the thymus fails to develop. Affected individuals have no T cells, hence little or no immune protection. Fetal thymic and bone marrow transplants have been helpful in some cases.
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What is Eczema>
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a type of immediate hypersensitivity response that results in "weeping" skin lesions and intense itching. Onset is in the first five years of life in 90% of cases. The allergen is uncertain, but familial predisposition is strong.
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What is Hashimoto thyroiditis?
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Autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is attacked by both B and T lymphocytes. Most common cause of hypothyroidism, affecting mostly middle aged and elderly women. Genetic factors associated with this autoimmune disease (certain MHC variants) make individuals susceptible to environmental triggers (possibly iodine, irradiation, or trauma)
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What is immunization?
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The process of rendering a subject immune (by vaccination or injection of antiserum)
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What is immunology?
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the study of immunity
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What is immunopathology?
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Disease of the immune system
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What is septic shock (sepsis)?
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a dangerous condition in which the inflammatory response goes out of control. In inflammatory response, neutrophils and other white blood cells leave the capillaries and enter the infected connective tissue, secreting cytokines that increase capillary permeability. Secretion of cytokines is normally moderate, but in sepsis, continued cytokine release makes capillaries so leaky that the bloodstream is depleted of fluid. Blood pressure falls and the body organs shut down, causing death in 50% of all cases. Sepsis has proven difficult to control and its incidence remains high.
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What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
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systemic autoimmune disorder that occurs mainly in young females. Diagnosis is helped by finding antinuclear (anti-DNA) complexes (typical of type III hypersenstivity) localize in the kidneys (the capillary filters, or glomeruli) in blood vessels, in the brain, and in the syntovial membranes of joints, resulting in glomerulonephritis, vascular problems, loss of memory and mental sharpness, and painful arthritis. Reddened skin lesions, particularly a "butterfly rash" (the sign of the wolf, or lupus) on the face, are common.
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What are phagocytes?
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Engulf and destroy pathogens that breach epithelial barriers. This happens when antibodies or complement to which the phagocytes receptors can bind attach to the pathogen's surface. Cell killing is enhanced by the respiratory burst.
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What are natural killer cells?
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Large granular lymphocytes that act nonspecifically to kill virus infected and malignant cells.
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What is inflammation?
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Tissue response to injury. It prevents the spread of harmful agents, disposes of pathogens and dead tissue cells, and promotes healing. Exudate is formed, protective leukocytes enter the area, the area is walled off by fibrin, and tissue repair occurs.
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What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
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1. swelling
2. Redness 3. Heat 4. Pain 5. No function |
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What causes the cardinal signs of inflammation? (redness, heat, swelling, pain, no function)
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These result from vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels induced by inflammatory chemicals.
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What are characteristics of Physiologic I?
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1. Leads to healing
2. Short lasting 3. doesn't exhaust body resources 4. Expels pathogens 5. is essential,to provide immunity + produces sufficient immunity 6. doesn't cause irreparable tissue destruction 7. increases body t 9temperature0 to optimal range for formation of sufficient immunity. The higher T (100-102F) produces more efficient immune response. |
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What are characteristics of pathologic I
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1. Prevent healing because it is unstoppable
2. long-lasting (over 1 month, or 2 months, total in 2 years) 3. Exhausting to the body, or catabolic (causes weight loss, anemia, hair loss, accelerated aging, thin skin, fragile mucosa, brittle nails) = dysfunction and weakens of all organs and physiologic processes) 4. doesn't get rid of pathogens, pathogens remain in the body 5. doesn't produce sufficient immunity to expel the pathogens 6. causes severe, continuous, irreparable tissue damage, is destructive and eventually deadly. 7. Body T is either too low to form sufficient immunity ( |
