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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The ____ Skeleton
* Eighty bones segregated into three regions. What are these regions? |
* Skull
* Vertebral column * Bony thorax |
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What is the body's most complex bony structure
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The Skull
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The ___ is formed by the cranium and facial bones
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The Skull
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____ - protects the brain and is the site of attachment for head and neck muscles
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Cranium
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* Supply the framework of the face, the sense organs, and the teeth
* Provide openings for the passage of air and food * anchor the facial muscles of expression |
Facial Bones
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* Eight cranial bones--two parietal, two temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
* Cranial bones are thin and remarkably strong for their weight |
Anatomy of the Cranium
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____ ____
* Forms the anterior portion of the cranium * Articulates posteriorly with the parietal bones via the coronal suture * Major markings include the suprorbital margins, the anterior cranial fossa, and the frontal sinuses (internal and lateral to the glabella). |
Frontal Bone
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Articulation between parietal bones and frontal bone anteriorly
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Coronal suture
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where right and left parietal bones meet superiorly
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Sagittal Suture
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where parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly
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Lambdoid suture
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where parietal and temporal bones meet
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Squamosal or squamous suture
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Form most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull
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Parietal bones and major asso sutures
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* Forms most of skull's posterior wall and base
* Major markings include the posterior cranial fossa, foramen magnum, occipital condyles, and the hypoglossal canal. |
Occipital bone and its major markings
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* Form the inferolateral aspects of the skull and parts of the cranial floor
* Divided into four major regions- squamous, tympanic, masoid, and petrous * Major markings include the zygomatic, styloid, and mastoid processes, and the mandibular and middle cranial fossae |
Temporal Bones
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Major openings include the stylomastoid and jugular foramina, the external and internal auditory meatuses, and the carotid canal.
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Temporal Bones
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* Butterfly-shaped (batman) bone that spans the width of the middle cranial fossa
* Forms the central wdge that articulates with all other cranial bones * Consists of a central body, greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes. |
Sphenoid Bone
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* Major markings: the sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa, and the pterygoid processes
* Major openings include the foramina rotundum, ovale, and spinosum; the optic canals; and the superior orbital fissure. |
Sphenoid Bone
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* Most deep of the skull bones; lies between the sphenod and nasal bones
* Forms most of the bony area between the nasal cavity and the orbits * Major markings include the cribriform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate, nasal conchae, and the ethmoid sinuses |
Ethmoid Bone
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Tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures
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Wormian Bones
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14 bones of which only th mandible and vomer are unpaired
The paired bones are the maxillae, zygoatica, nasals, lacrimals, palatines, and inferior conchae. |
Facial Bones
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* The ____ (lower jawbone) is the largest, strongest bone of the face.
* Its major markings include the coronoid process, mandibular condyle, the alveolar margin, and the mandibular and mental foramina. |
Mandible and its markings
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* Medially fused bones that make up the upper jaw and the central portion of the facial skeleton
* Facial keystone bones that articulate wiht all other facial bones except the mandible * Their major markings include palatine, frontal, and zygomatic processes, the alveolar margins, inferior orbital fissure, and the maxillary sinuses. |
Maxillary Bones
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* Irregularly shaped bones (cheekbones) that form the prominences of the cheeks and the inferolateral margins of the orbits.
* It articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It forms part of the orbit and is commonly reffered to as the cheekbone |
Zygomatic Bones
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thin medially fused bones that form the bridge of the nose
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Nasal bones
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contribute to the medial walls of the orbit and contain a deep groove called the lacrimal fossa that houses the lacrimal sac.
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Lacrimal bones
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two bone plates that form portions of the hard palate, the posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity, and a small part of the orbits.
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Palatine Bones
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* plow-shaped bone that forms part of the nasal septum
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Vomer
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paired, curved bones in the nasal cavity that form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
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Inferior nasal conchae
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* Bony cavities in which the eyes are firmly encased and cushioned by fatty tissue
* Formed by parts of seven bones - frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid. |
Orbits
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* Constructed of bone and hyaline cartilage
* Roof- formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid * Lateral walls- formed by the superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid, the perpendicular plate of the palatine, and the inferior nasal conchae * Floor- formed by palatine process of the maxillae and palatine bone |
Nasal Cavity
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formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
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Roof
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formed by the superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid, the perpendicular plate of the palatine, and the inferior nasal conchae
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Lateral walls
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formed by palatine process of the maxillae and palatine bone
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Floor
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* Mucosa-lined, air-filled sacs found in five skull bones- the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and paired maxillary bones
* Air enters the paranasal sinuses from the nasal cavity and mucus drains into the nasal cavity from the sunuses * Lihten the skulll and enhance the resonance of the voice |
Paranasal Sinuses
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* Not actually part of the skull, but lines just inferior to the mandible in the anterior neck
* Only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with another bone * Attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during swallowing and speech. |
Hyoid Bone
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Formed from 26 irregular bones (vertebrae) connected in such a way that a flexble curved structure results
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Vertebral column
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7 bones of the neck
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Cervical vertebrae
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12 bones of the torso
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Thoracic vertebrae
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5 bones of the lower back
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Lumbar Vertebrae
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bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae that articulates with the hip bones
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Sacrum
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Posteriorly concave curvatures
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cervical and lumbar
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Posteriorly convex curvatures
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Thoracic and Sacral
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What is scoliosis
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Abnormal lateral curve
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What is Kyphosis
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Hunchback
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What is lordosis
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Swayback
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continuous bands down the front and back of the spine from the neck to the sacrum
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Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
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connect adjoining vertebrae together
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Short ligaments
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* Cushion-like pad composed of two parts
* Nucleus pulposus * Annulus fibrosus |
Verebral Column: Intervertebral Disks
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inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility
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Nucleus pulposus
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Surrounds the nucleus pulposus with a collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage
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Annulus fibrosus
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Disc-shaped, weight-bearing region
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Body or centrum
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Conposed of pedicles and laminae that, along with th centrum, enclose the vertebral foramen
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Vertebral arch
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Make up the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord passes
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Vertebral foramina
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Spinous processes project _____, and the transverse processes project laterally
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Posteriorly
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Superior and inferior _____ processes- protrude superiorly and inferiorly from the pedicle- lamina junctions
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Articular
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Lateral openings formed from notched areas on the superior and inferior borders of adjacent pedicles
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Intervertebral foramina
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* Seven vertebrae (C1-C7) are the smallest, lightest vertebrae
* C3-C7 are distinguished with an oval body, short spinous processes, and large, triangular vertebral foramina * Each transverse process contains a transverse foramen |
Cervical Vertebrae
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* The ____ has no body and no spinous process
* It consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses * The superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with the occupital condyles |
The Atlas (C1)
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* The ____ has a body, spine, and vertebral arches as do other cervical vertebrae
* Unique to the axis is the dens, or dontoid process, which projects superiorly from the body and is cradled in the aterior arch of the atlas * The dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas. |
The Axis (C2)
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* There are twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) all of which articulate with ribs
* Major markings include two facets and two demifacets on the heart-shaped body, th circular vertebral foramen, transverse processes, and a long spinous process * The location of the articulate facets prevents flexion and extension, but allows rotation of this area of the spine. |
Thoracic Vertebrae
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The five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) are located in the small of the back and have an enhanced weight-bearing function
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Lumbar Vertebrae
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They have shor, thick pedicles and laminae, flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes, and a triangular-shaped vertebral foramen
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Lumbar Vertebrae
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Orientation of articular facets locks the lumbar vertebrae together to provide stability
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Lumbar Vertebrae
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Consists of five fused vertebrae (S1-S5), which shape the posterior wall of the pelvis
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Sacrum
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It articulates with L5 superiorly, and with the auricular surfaces of the hip bones
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Sacrum
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Major markings include the sacral promontory, transverse lines, alae, dorsal sacral foramina, sacral canal, and sacral hiatus.
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Sacrum
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The ____ is made up of four (in some cases three to five) fused vertebrae that articulate superiorly with the sacrum
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Coccyx (Tailbone)
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The thoracic cage is composed of the thoracic vertebrae dorsally, the ribs laterally, and the sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly
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Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)
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____ ____
Functions: * Forms a protective cage around the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels * Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs * Provides attachment for many neck, back, chest, and shoulder muscles * Uses intercostal muscles to lift and depress the thorax during breathing |
Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)
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* a dagger-shaped, flat bone that lies in the anterior midline of the thorax
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Sternum (breastbone)
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Results from the fusion of three bones- the superior manubrium, the body, and the inferior xiphoid process
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Sternum (Breastbone)
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Anatomical landmarks include the jugular (suprasternal) notch, the sternal angle, and the xiphisternal joint
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Sternal (Breastbone)
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There are ___ pair of ribs forming the flaring sides of the thoracic cage
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12
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All ribs attach posteriorly to the ___ vertebrae
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Thoracic
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The superior ___ pair (true, or vertebrosternal ribs) attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages
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7
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Ribs __-__ (false, or vertebrocondral ribs) attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage.
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8-10
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Ribs __-__ (floating, or vertebral ribs) have no anterior attachment
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11-12
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Bowed, flat bone consisting of a head, neck, tubercle, and shaft
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Sturcture of a typical true rib
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* The _____ skeleton is made up of the bones of the limbs and their girdles
* Pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to the body trunk * Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs |
Appendicular
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The ____ ____ consist of the anterior clavicles and the posterior scapulae
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Pectoral Girdles
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They attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows for maximum movement
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Pectoral Girdles
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They provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs
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Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)
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Slender, doubly curved long bones lying across the superior thorax
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Clavicles
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The acromial (lateral) end articulates with the scapula, and the sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum
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Clavicles
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Provide attachment points for numerous muscles, and act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally away from the body
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Clavicles
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Triangular, flat bones lying on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between the second and seventh ribs
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Scapulae
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____ have three borders and three angles
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Scapulae
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Major markings include the suprascapular notch, spine, the acromion, and the coracoid process
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Scapulae
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The ____ ____ consists of the arm (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), and hand (manus).
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The upper Limb
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Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal framework of each ____ limb
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The Upper limb
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The humerus is the sole bone of the ____
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Arm
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It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder, and the radius and ulna at the elbow
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Arm
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The bones of the ___ are the radius and ulna
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Forearm
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They articulate proximally with the humerus and distally with the wrist bones
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Forearm
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They also artiuclate with each other proximally and distally at small radioulnar joints
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Forearm
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Interosseous membrane connects the two bones along their entire length
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Forearm
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The ___ lies medially in the forearm and is slightly longer than the radius
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Ulna
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Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus
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Ulna
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Its major markings include the olecranon,coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch, and the styloid process
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Ulna
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The ____ lies opposite (lateral to) the ulna and is thin at its proximal end, widened distally
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Radius
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The superior surface of the head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
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Radius
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Medially, the head artiuculates with the radial notch of the ulna
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Radius
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Major markings include the radial tuberosity, ulnar notch, and styloid process
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Radius
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Skeleton of the ____ conains wrist bones (carpals), bones of the palm (metacarpals) and bones of the fingers (phalanges)
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Hand
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____ Consists of eight bones
* Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform proximally * Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate distally |
Carpus (Wrist)
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* Five numered (1-5) metacarpal bones radiate from the wrist to form the palm
* Their bases articulate with the carpals proximally, and with each other medially and laterally * Heads articulate with the phalanges |
Metacarpus (Palm)
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* Each hand contains 14 miniature long bones called ___
* Fingers (digits) are numbered 1-5, beginning with the thumb (pollex) * Each finger (except the thumb) has three ____ - distal, middle, and proximal * The thumb has no middle phalanx |
Phalanges (fingers)
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* The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones (os coxae, or coxal)
* Together with the sacrum and the coocyx, these bones form the bony pelvis |
Pelvic Girdle (hip)
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* The pelvis
* Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with the strongest ligaments of the body * Transmits weight of the upper body to the lower limbs * Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis |
Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
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* The ilium is a larg flaring bone that forms the superior region of the coxal bone
* It consists of a body and a superior winglike portion called the ala * The broad posterolateral surface is called the gluteal surface |
Ilium
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* The auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
* Major markings include the iliac crests, four spines, greater sciatic notch, iliac fossa, arcuate line, and the pelvic brim |
Ilium
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* The ischium forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone
* The thick body articulates with the pubis * Major markings include the ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, and the ischial tuberosity |
Ischium
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* The pubic bone forms the anterior portion of the hip bone
* It articulates with the ischium and the ilium * major markings include superior and inferior rami, the pubic crest, pubic tubercle, pubic arch, pubic symphysis, and obturator foramen (along with ilium and ischium) |
Pubis
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____ pelvis
* Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing * True pelvis defines birth canal * Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity |
Female Pelvis
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____ pelvis
* Tilted less forward * Adapted for support of heavier male build and stronger muscles |
Male Pelvis
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* The three segments of the ___ limbs are the thigh, leg, foot
* They carry the weight of the erect body, and are subjected to exceptional forces when one jumps or runs |
The Lower Limbs
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* The sole bone of the thigh is the ____, the largest and strongest bone in the body
* It articulates proximally with the hip and distally with the tibia and fibula * Major markings include the head, fovea capitis, greater and lesser trochanters, gluteal tuberosity, lateral and medial condyles and epicondyles, linea aspera, patellar surface, and the intercondylar notch |
Femur
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* The tibia and fibula form the skeleton of the ___
* They are connected to each other by the interosseous membrane * They articulate with the femur proximally and with the ankle bones distally * They also articulate with each other via the immovable tibiofibular joints |
Leg
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* Receives the wieght of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot
* Major markings include medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, the tibial tuberosity, anterior crest, medial malleolus, and fibular notch |
Tibia
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* Sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends located laterally to the tibia
* Major markings include the head and lateral malleolus |
Fibula
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* The skeleton of the ___ includes the tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges (toes)
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Foot
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The ___ supports body weight and acts as a lever to propel the body forward in walking and running
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Foot
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* Composed of seven bones that form the posterior half of the foot
* Body weight is carried primarily on the talus and calcaneus |
Tarsus
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* Talus articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly, and the calcaneus inferiorly
* Other ___ bones include the cuboid and navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms |
Tarsus
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* Forms the heel of the foot
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Calcaneus
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Carries the talus on its superior surface
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Calcaneus
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Point of attachment for the calcaneal (achilles) tendon of the calf muscles
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Calcaneus
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* Five (1-5) long bones that articulate with the proximal phalanges
* The enlarged head of ___ 1 forms the "ball of the foot" |
Metatarsals
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* The 14 bones of the toes
* Each digit has three phalnges except the Hallux, which has no middle phalanx |
phalanges
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* The foot has 3 arches maintained by interlocking foot bones and strong ligaments
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Arches of the foot
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___ allow the foot to hold up weight
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Arches
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cuboid is keystone of this arch
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Lateral longitudinal
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talus is keystone of this arch
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Medial longitudinal
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runs obliquely from one side of the foot to the other
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Transverse
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An infant skull has more bones than the ____ skull
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Adult
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At birth, fetal skull bones are incomplete and connected by ____
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fontanels
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____
* Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between fetal skull bones * The four ____ are anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid |
Fontanels
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Skull bones such as the mandible and maxilla are _____
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unfused
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At ____, the cranium is huge relative to the face
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Birth
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Mandible and maxilla are forshortened but lengthen with ___
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age
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The ____ and ____ grow at a faster rate than the head and trunk, leading to adult proportions
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Arms and Legs
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Only thoracic and sacral curvatures are present at ____
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Birth
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The primary curvatures are ____ posteriorly, causing the infant spine to arch like a four-legged animal
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Convex
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Secondary curvatures- ____ and _____ are convex anteriorly and are associated with the child's development
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Cervical and Lumbar
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Developmental Aspects of ___ ___
* Intervertebral discs become thin, less hydrated, and less elastic * Risk of disc herniation increases * Loss of stature by several centimeters is common after age 55 * Costal cartilages ossify causing the thoax to become rigid * All bones lose mass |
Old Age
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