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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Primary Organs of GI Tract (7) |
mouth oropharynx laryngopharynx esophagus stomach small intestines large intestines |
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Accessory Organs of GI Tract (6) |
teeth tongue salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas |
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Physical Digestion |
mastication (chewing) tongue manipulation of food into bolus churning & mixing within tract |
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Chemical Digestion |
enzymes and secretions throughout tract to aid with digestion |
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Tissues of the Alimentary Canal |
1- mucosa (internal) 2- submucosa 3- muscularis 4- serosa (external) |
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layers of tissue inside digestive tract
1-Mucosa |
Epithelium (innermost layer of mucosa) a) protective stratified squamous throughout except in stomach and intestines b) simple columnar in stomach & intestines
Lamina Propia CT tissue w. blood, lymph & MALT
Muscularis smooth muscle (involuntary movement) |
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layers of tissue inside digestive tract
2- Submucosa |
glands, nerves contains Meissner Plexus (secretions)
(not part of the tissue in the stomach or esophagus) |
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layers of tissue inside digestive tract
3- Muscularis |
circular and longitudinal muscle layer contains Auerbach Plexus (mobility of muscle) |
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layers of tissue inside digestive tract
4- Serosa |
external layer of
CT, peritoneum |
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Ascites |
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
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Peritonitis |
inflammation of the peritoneum caused by bacteria from wound or incision |
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Chemical digestion in the mouth |
salivary amylase
* digestive enzyme in the saliva * produced by parotid gland * breaks down starch |
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Physical digestion in the mouth |
teeth & tongue involved
*mastication *bolus formation *deglutition (swallowing) |
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Types of teeth, and number |
deciduous (baby teeth) = 20
permanent (adult teeth) = 32 |
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stages of deglutition (swallowing) |
voluntary - manipulation of food into bolus with tongue
pharyngeal - uvula and epiglottis move into protective positions
esophageal - part voluntary (smooth muscle), part peristalsis |
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esophageal hiauts |
where esophagus pierces diaphragm |
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Role of (4) cells found in gastric pit of the stomach |
Mucus cell - makes mucus
Parietal cell - makes HCL & IF (B12 absorption)
Chief cell - secretes digestive enzymes pepsinogen (protein) & gastric lipase (lipid)
G cell - promotes digestive activity |
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Physical digestion in the stomach |
churning (mix food) peristalsis |
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chyme |
soupy, semi-digested material in the stomach |
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Digestive Enzymes of the Stomach |
pepsin - breakdown of proteins gastric lipase - breakdown of lipids |
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Digestive Enzymes of the Pancreas |
produced by pancreatic acini
amylase - break down carbs lipase - break down fats tripsin - break down proteins |
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Pancreatic hormones |
secreted by pancreatic islets
insulin - lowers blood sugar; takes sugar out of blood and stores it in liver & muscle tissue
glucagon - stimulates release of sugar from the liver and muscle tissue into the blood |
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Pancreatitis |
Inflammation of the pancreas
possible causes: - gallstones - genetics - infection - alcohol abuse - injury - medicines |
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Functions of the Liver |
1. metabolize carbs, lipids and proteins 2. detoxify blood 3. excrete bilirubin 4. produce bile 5. store vitamins and minerals 6. phagocytosis of old blood cells 7. works with skin & kidneys to produce active form of Vit. D |
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Digestive Enzymes of the Liver |
Bile - emulsification of fats, stored in the gallbladder |
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How are gallstones formed? |
excess cholesterol is released with bile, the lipids can crystallize and block bile ducts
can be treated with surgical removal of the gallbladder, but may cause increased incidence of diarrhea |
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Retroperitoneal Organs |
pancreas kidneys duodenum urinary bladder rectum |
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Physical Digestion in the Small Intestines |
digestion is completed in small intestines and most absorption done here
Peristalsis
Segmentation - caterpillar-like movement to help with mixing & moving |
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Villi |
increase surface area for absorption of nutrients in the small intestine |
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Cell Types found in the Small Intestines |
1. absorptive cell - absorbs nutrients 2. goblet - secretes mucus 3. paneth - secrete lysozymes (kill bacteria) 4. enteroendocrine - secrete digestive hormones 5. brunners glands - neutralize pH of duodenum |
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Enzymes found in small intestines |
sucrose, lactase, maltase - carb breakdown peptidases - protein breakdown
bile - emulsify fats pancreatic amylase - carb breakdown |
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Chemical digestion in the large intestines
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* no food absorption, only water and vitamin * bacteria finish breakdown of plant materials
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Physical Digestion in large intestine |
peristalsis segmentation |
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Appendicitis |
chime obstruction in the appendix resulting in infection |
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Polyps |
growths that can become cancerous
symptoms: diarrhea, blood, excessive mucus |
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Gastroileal Reflux |
moves food via peristalsis through the ileum and into the cecum |
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Defecation Reflex |
distention felt in the rectal wall stimulates relaxation of the internal sphincter |
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Internal sphincter vs. external sphincter |
internal sphincter: involuntary control
external sphincter: voluntary control |
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Importance of fiber & types of fiber |
Fiber helps lower blood cholesterol by preventing re-absorption of bile salts & helps with proper absorption of water
soluble fiber: oats, barley, nuts, seeds, beans, lentils, fruits, strawberries
insoluble fiber: whole wheat, whole grain, wheat bran, veggies |
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Chrone's disease |
auto-immune disorder that erodes the lining of the intestines |
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Diverticulitis |
pockets in the intestine caused by infection due to blockage |
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Hepatitis |
inflammation of the liver caused by virus
if aggressive form of hepatitis, liver cirrhosis can occur |
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Cirrhosis |
death of liver tissue caused by:
- infection (HCV) - obesity (fatty liver) - alcohol/drug abuse |
