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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the charge for a PROTON?
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positive
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What is the charge for a NEUTRON
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neutral
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What is the charge for an ELECTRON?
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Negative
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What 2 charges are in the nucleus of an atom
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Protons
Neutrons |
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Atomic #
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# of protons in an atoms nucleus
Protons determine what atom will be |
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What makes an atom neutral?
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EQUAL number of protons and electrons
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What makes an ion?
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UNEQUAL amount of protons AND electrons.
Its Charged! |
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What is an isotope?
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Same number of protons
Different number of neutrons. (differ in atomic mass and are radioactive elements) |
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What is an element?
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cannot be chemically broken down further.
simplest form of matter |
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What are the 6 main elements?
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Carbon
Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Calcium Phosphorus |
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What is the smallest unit of matter?
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atom
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Atomic mass
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Protons + Neutrons
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What is an ionic bond?
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atoms that transfer electrons between cation and anion and easily break when dissolved in water
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What is a covalent bond?
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2 atoms share a pair or more of electrons.
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What are polar bonds?
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UNEVEN sharing of electrons
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What are nonpolar bonds?
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share electrons EQUALLY
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What is the difference between an organic compound and an inorganic?
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Organic contain CARBON
Inorganic DO NOT contain carbon |
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What are the 4 properties of water?
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Solvency,
Cohesion, Chemical reactivity, and Thermal stability |
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What is the universal solvent?
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Water
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What is a cation?
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LOSES electrons and gains a POSITIVE charge!
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Normal pH?
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7.35 - 7.45
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Catalyst
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speeds up rate of a chemical reaction BY lowering the amt of activation energy needed to start reaction.
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What are salts?
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IONIC compounds FROM neutralization reaction of an acid and base.
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What is a buffer?
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SOLUTION that resists changes in ph when acid or base is added.
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Blood with a pH of less than 7.35
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acidosis
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What is acid base balance about?
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regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.
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Name 4 organic molecules.
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Nucleic Acids
Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids |
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Blood with a pH of greater than 7.45
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alkalosis
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What are carbohydrates?
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hydrophyllic (water-loving) and Main source of energy TO Perform chemical reactions (ATP)
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What are monosaccharides?
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simple sugars composed of SINGLE CARBON
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What are dissacharides?
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simple sugars composed of 2 monosaccharide molecules.
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Sucrose is made up of which 2 sugars
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glucose and fructose
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Lipds are
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hydrophobic and function as stored energy.
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What are the 4 categories of lipids
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Triglycerides
Phospholipids Eicosanoids Steroids |
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What are triglycerides?
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most common lipid and store as adipose tissue
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Saturated fatty acids
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Contain hydrogen and SINGLE bond between Carbon
Solid at room temp |
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Unsaturated fatty acids
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contain hydrogen and DOUBLE bonds between carbon
liquid at room temp |
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Phospholipids
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Major lipids IN cell membranes.
Hydrophilic polar head with hydrophobic tail Lipids containing phosphorus. |
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Steroids are composed of
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lipids with 4 rings of carbon and a cholesterol.
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Protein polymers
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Macro-molecule building block called amino acids
Joined by peptide and Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,and nitrogen. |
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ATP
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Energy-transferring molecule.
Its energy comes from GLUCOSE OXIDATION |
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ANaerobic metabolism
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No oxygen
No ATP produced Makes lactic acid |
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Aerobic metabolism
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Breaks pyruvic acid down to carbon dioxide and water
Makes 38 molecules of ATP |
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kreb cycle
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aerobic metabolism
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Covalent bonds
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formed by atoms that share electrons
strongest bond |
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Hydrogen bonds
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Bond between a hydrogen atom with a partially positive charge, and a neighboring atom with a partially negative charge.
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Raised H+ in ph =
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Raised H+ lower the pH below 7 - acid
Lower H+ raise the pH above 7 - basic |
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Proteins
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Long CHAINS of Amino acids bound together by Covalent Peptide bonds.
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amino acid contains
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amino group
carboxyl group and a functional group |
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DNA consists of
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two long polynucleotide strands
twisted into a double helix. |
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synthesis reaction
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Reactants combine to form a complex product.
Needs energy Wound repair |
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Decomposition Reaction
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Complex nutrient is broken down into simple substances
Bonds are broken and energy released for other cell functions |
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Catabolism -
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Hydrolysis - break down larger food into units by adding water
release energy |
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Anabolism
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Dehydration synthesis that build by removing water
Needs atp (energy) |
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Electrolytes
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acids
bases salts |
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Anion
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GAINS electrons and has NEGATIVE charge!
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lactose contains
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glucose and galactose
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monosaccharides examples
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Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
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disaccharides examples
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Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
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Adenine pairs
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Adenine pairs with Thymine,
A=T |
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Guanine pairs
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Guanine pairs with Cytosine.
G=C |
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what do carbohydrates contain
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carbon
hydrogen oxygen |
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What do triglycerides consist of
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3 fatty acids attached to glycerol.
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lipds are composed of
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carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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hydrogen bonds maintain what structure
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3d structure in proteins and nucleic acids
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