A&p Ch 11

Front 1

Nutrional anemia

Back 1

Lack of specific nutrion : Iron (Fe)

- Iron defiency

Front 2

Anemia is?

Back 2

Decreased oxygen - carrying capacity

- lack of hemoglobin

- lack of erythrocytes

Front 3

Hemorrhagic anemia

Back 3

Blood loss

Ex. Ulcers

Front 4

Hemolytic anemia

Back 4

When red blood cells rupture

Ex. Sickle cell anemia

Front 5

Pernicious anemia

Back 5

Lack of B12

- stomach is not secreting extrinsic factor = needed fpr B12

Front 6

Renal anemia

Back 6

Kidneys damaged/ diseased

= cannot produce enough erythropoieten

Front 7

Aplastic anemia

Back 7

Body stops producing new blood cells

Ex. Bone marrow damage

Front 8

Polycythemia

Back 8

Elevated count of erythrocytes

(Disorder)

Front 9

Primary polycythemia

Back 9

Abnormal production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) by bone marrow

Front 10

Relative polycythemia

Back 10

Caused by dehydration

- temporary / can cause false results of hematocrit test

- RBC normal / water loss in rbc

Front 11

Secondary polycythemia

Back 11

Caused by something outside bone marrow

- adaption to high altitudes

- blood doping (ex. Injection of rbc)

-chronic hypoxia ( ex. emphysema)

- genetics

Front 12

Polycythemia adverse effects:

Back 12

Increased blood viscosity

Decreased perfussion

Increased risk of thrombosis

Front 13

Transfusion reaction

Back 13

Donor blood - A

Recipient blood - B

- Recipient blood antibodies -A

Agglutinate w / type A blood given

Results in: Agglutination

- clogged arteries

- decreased perfusion

Another result:

-erythrocytes hemolyze = releasing hemoglobin into plasma / resulting in - possible kidney failure

Front 14

Hemopoiesis

Back 14

Formation of new blood elements

Caused by:

-Active bone marrow

- Stem cells divide

- hormone control

Front 15

Blood Hormones control?

Back 15

Rate of cell production

- rate stem cell divides

- controlled by maturity of RBC

Front 16

Stem cells / divide by?

Back 16

(Hemocytoblasts) - stem cells

Divide by Mytosis:

Produces 2 daughter cells and become:

1 stem cell

1 blood cell (RBC)

Front 17

Erythrocytes

Back 17

Transport oxygen + carbondioxide between tissues and lungs

Front 18

Total RBC count / measured in?

Back 18

Male - 5.4 million microLiter

Female - 4.8 million microLiter

Front 19

Hematocrit = %

Back 19

Volume of erythrocytes as % of total blood volume

Male - 46 %

Female - 42 %

Front 20

Blood consist of formed elements?

Back 20

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Platelets - suspended in a liquid called plasma

Front 21

Function of blood:

Back 21

-Transport:

Dissolved gasses

Nutrients

Hormones and metabolic waste

-pH balance: 7.35 - 7.45

-Coagulation

-Imunnity

Front 22

Physical characteristics of blood:

Back 22

-Volume :

Males - 5-6 L

Females - 4-5 L

-Viscosity:

5 x thicker then water

-pH average:

7.4 (7.35 - 7.45)

Front 23

Blood Plasma:

Back 23

-Volume: 55%

-Composition:

Water - 92%

-Proteins: 7%

Albumins - 60%

Globulins - 35%

Fibrinogen - 4%

(Needed for blood clotting)

- Proteins made in Liver

Other solutes: 1%

Organic nutrients

Electrolytes

Organic waste

Front 24

Serum

Back 24

Is = plasma - clotting proteins

Front 25

Total # leukocytes per micro liter

Back 25

6 - 9000 leukocytes per microliter of blood

Front 26

3 groups of granulocytes

Back 26

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Front 27

Neutrophils

Back 27

(Phagocitic)

Destroys bacteria from infected tissue

Front 28

Eosinophils

Back 28

Attack antibody labeled material

Allergens that cause allergic reactions

Front 29

Basophils

Back 29

Release chemicals (histamines) in dmamaged tissue

Front 30

Lymphocytes

Back 30

*activated by infection

Produce antibodies in response to infection

Attack foreign cells

Clone or copy self by mytosis

Front 31

Monocytes

Back 31

Leave blood and stay in tissue

Become macrophages

Front 32

Leukopoiesis

Back 32

-Rate of production by hormones called = colony stimulated factors

1 - lymphocytes produced in bone marrow migrate to lymphatic organs

2- when exposed to foreign cells they recognize, they clone monocytes

3- In result produce macrophages

Front 33

Leukopoiesis disorders:

Back 33

Leukopenia

Leukocytosis

Leukemia - type of cancer

(Production of abnormal leukocytes)

Front 34

Leukopenia

Back 34

Deficiency in leukocytes

- malaria

- lime disease

Front 35

Leukocytosis

Back 35

Excess # of leukocytes

- parasitic infection

Front 36

Platelets

Back 36

-Fragments of cells

Total = 150k - 500k

Avg. 350k

Function: prevents blood loss

Produced: when magekaryocytes are pinched off - releasing platelets into circulation

Front 37

Platelet disorders:

Back 37

-Thrombocytopenia : not enough platelets

- Thrombocytosis : too many platelets

Front 38

Hemostasis

Back 38

Prevent blood loss

Front 39

Vascular spasm:

Back 39

- when smooth muscle in the walls contract, when vessels are damaged

Resulting in: make the opening smaller, preventing blood loss

Front 40

Platelet plugs:

Back 40

Formed when platelets are attracted to damaged blood vessels and stick together

Front 41

Coagulation:

Back 41

Series of chemical reactions involving clotting proteins (fibrin) from plasma

Activates: plasma + calcium

Front 42

Coagulation process:

Back 42

1 - Factor X (clotting protein) activated ----> converted in prothrombinase (enzyme)

* catalyzes into

2. Prothrombin -----> thrombin (enzyme)

*catyzes into

3. Fibrinogen ------> fibrin

Front 43

Fibrin

Back 43

A sticky mesh that traps blood cells and platelets - forming blood clots

Front 44

Fibrinolysis

Back 44

Clot removal

- intiated by enzyme plasmin, which is activated by tissue plasminogen activator