Ap Biology Test Chapters 21, 22, 23, 26

Front 1

hermaphroditic

Back 1

an individual who has both female and male parts and produces both sperm and eggs.

Front 2

somatic cell

Back 2

any cell in a multicellular organisms except a sperm or egg.

Front 3

morphogenesis

Back 3

"creation of form"

physical process that gives an organism its shape.

Front 4

pattern formation

Back 4

the development of a spatial organization in which the tissues and organs of an organism are all in their characteristic places.

in plants- pattern formation occurs continually in the APICAL MERISTEMS.

IN ANIMALS- PATTERN FORMATION IS MOSTLY LIMITED TO EMBRYOS AND JUVENILES, EXCEPT IN THOSE SPECIES WHERE LOST PARTS CAN BE REGENERATED.

Front 5

totipotent

Back 5

in plants, at least, mature cells that can dedifferentiate and then give rise to all specialized cells and create organs and everything else.

Front 6

pluripotent

Back 6

unlike totipotency because instead of being able to raise all kinds of specialized cells, it can only raise a few.
for example, bone marrow can raise different kinds of blood cells.

Front 7

apical meristems

Back 7

perpetually embryonic regions in the tips of roots and shoots in plants.

Front 8

nurse cells

Back 8

specialized macrophages who live in the bone marrow.

help create red blood cells.

Front 9

genomic equivalence

Back 9

nearly all cells in an organism have the same genes.

Front 10

differential gene expression

Back 10

the expression of different sets of genes with the same genome.

Front 11

apoptosis

Back 11

programmed cell death.

Front 12

what is apoptosis triggered by?

Back 12

signals that activate a cascade of "suicide" proteins in the cells destined to die.

Front 13

what happens during cell apoptosis?

Back 13

cell shrinks and becomes lobed [called blebbing].
nucelous condenses
DNA is fragmented
neighboring cells EAT IT.

Front 14

what are apoptosis genes?

Back 14

ced3 and ced4

Front 15

master regulator of apoptosis

Back 15

ced9

Front 16

caspase

Back 16

the main protease of apoptosis

Front 17

cloning

Back 17

using one or more somatic cells from a multicellular organism to make another genetically identical individual.

Front 18

nuclear transplantation

Back 18

to remove the nucleus of an unfertilized egg and replace it with the nucleus of a differentiated cell.

Front 19

epigenetic

Back 19

inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotides sequence.

Front 20

chromatin

Back 20

the complex of DNA and proteins that make up the eukaryotic chromosome.

Front 21

histones

Back 21

a small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that bind to negatively charged DNA play a key role in chromatic structure.

Front 22

transcription factors

Back 22

a regulatory protein that binds to the DNA and stimulates transcription of certain genes/.

Front 23

homeotic genes

Back 23

the anatomical identity of the segments is a set by the master regulatory gene called homeotic gene.

Front 24

segmentation genes

Back 24

the genes of the embryo's whose products direct formation of segments after the embryo's major body axes are defined.

Front 25

egg-polarity genes

Back 25

they control the orientation [polarity] of egg and the fly at the same time. one group of these genes sets up anterior - posterior axis of the embryo, while other one makes dorsal-ventral section.

Front 26

morphogens

Back 26

establish an embryo's axes and other features of its form.

Front 27

inducers

Back 27

inactivates the repressor of an operon.

Front 28

homeobox

Back 28

a 180-nucleotide sequence within homeotic genes and some other developmental genes that is widely conserved in animals. related things occur in plants and prokaryotes.

Front 29

Linnaeus

Back 29

FOUNDER OF TAXONOMY
two part system of genus and species.
nesting method of classification; listing similar things in increasingly general categories.

Front 30

Cuvier

Back 30

largely developed paleontology.
studied fossils.
claimed that the deeper levels are older then the new levels.

Front 31

Lyell

Back 31

leading geologist of Darwin's time.
made uniformarianism. Lyell proposed that the same geological process now were the same in the past, and were occurring at the same rate.

Front 32

Malthus

Back 32

inspired Darwin's idea of overpopulation. claimed that we all always out compete for food, shelter so on. which is why fro9gs have so many babies, so on.

Front 33

Henslow

Back 33

great friend of Darwin.
was his botany professor,m sent him off on the Beagle.

Front 34

natural selection

Back 34

population can change over generations if individuals possess certain heritable traits that leave more offspring then others.

Front 35

Fitness

Back 35

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation.

Front 36

homologous

Back 36

explains hwy certain characteristics in a related species have an underlying similarity though they have different functions.

look alike, NOT SAME FUNCTION.
evolved.

Front 37

analogous

Back 37

same function, but not same appearance. not evolved.

Front 38

gene flow

Back 38

genetic additions or subtractions from a population resulting from movement of fertile individuals or gametes.

Front 39

genetic drift

Back 39

evolutionary process of change in the allele frequencies (or gene frequencies) of a population from one generation to the next due to the phenomena of probability in which purely chance events determine which alleles (variants of a gene) within a reproductive population will be carried forward while others disappear.

Front 40

transposition

Back 40

chromosome segment that is transferred to a new position on the same or different chromosome.

Front 41

intron versus exon

Back 41

intron is non coding, weaves in between exons.

exons are coding segments.

Front 42

disruptive selection

Back 42

natural selection that favors individuals on both extremes of the phenotype.

Front 43

directional selection

Back 43

natural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotype range.

Front 44

stabilizing selection

Back 44

natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes.

Front 45

sexual selection

Back 45

selection for mating success.

Front 46

early earth's gases

Back 46

hydrogen
methane
ammonia
water vapor

nitrogen/oxides. hydrogen and hydrogen sulfides. hydrogen escaped into space while the vapor of water became oceans.

Front 47

Miller/Urey

Back 47

set up a closed system to stimulate the way earth was before life began. put it all in interconnected tubes and flasks. electrified the hydrogen ammonia and methane. in a short period of time, things like amino acids already started forming.

Front 48

protobiont

Back 48

abiotically produced molecules surrounded by membrane or membrane-like structure.

simple reproduction and metabolism, maintains its own interior environment.

Front 49

abiotic

Back 49

NONLIVING.

Front 50

primer

Back 50

a polynucelodide with a free 3' end, bound to a complementary template strand, and is elongated during DNA replication.

Front 51

cyanobacteria

Back 51

photoautotrophs
takes light and drives synthesis of CO2.

Front 52

Cambrian explosion

Back 52

most animals appear within first 20 million years of Cambrian period, known as the Cambrian explosion.

Front 53

Permian mass extinction

Back 53

boundary between Paleozoic and mesozoic.

96% of marine species died.
8 out of 27 insect died out.

251 million years ago
occurred in less than 5 million years.

Front 54

Cretaceous extinction

Back 54

mesozoic and Cenozoic eras
KILLED DINOSAURS

65 million years ago

Front 55

ice age

Back 55

1.8 million years ago
human appear

Front 56

endosymbionts

Back 56

led ot the birth of mitochondira and plasmids. lived in larger cells and eventually became part of them.