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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of Living Things
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Cells, Organized, use of NRG for Growth and Maintenance, Grow and Devolop, Life Span, Reproduction, Respond to Stimuli, Adaptations
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Hierachy of Organization
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Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biomes, Biosphere
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Emergent Properties
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Order, Reproduction, Growth and Development, use of NRG, Response to Enviro, Homeostasis, Evolutionary Adaptation
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Correlation btwn structure and Function
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"form fits function"
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cation
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lost e- and became +
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ion
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gain e- and become -
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Why are these weak bonds important?
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help stablize macromolecules, make temperary bonds possible (nerve cell conduction), capillary action
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Characteristics of Water
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Universal Solvent (philic, phobic), cohesive & adhesive, high specific heat (stabilizes temp. for warm-blooded animals & large bodies of water), high boiling point, good evaporative coolent (takes heat away from body), ice expands.
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Monosaccharides
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carbohydrates, that form rings, maj. NRG source for body (glucose)
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2 monosaccharides are joined by a _________ linkage
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glycosidic
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Starch and Glycogen are ______ that are used for _______
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polysaccharides, storage
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cellulose is use in plants as?
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plant cell walls
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What is chitin?
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polymer of an amino sugar exoskeleten of arthropods, cell walls of some fungi
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Monosaccharides
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carbohydrates, that form rings, maj. NRG source for body (glucose)
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2 monosaccharides are joined by a _________ linkage
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glycosidic , maltose, lactose and sucrose
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Starch and Glycogen are ______ that are used for _______
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polysaccharides, storage
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cellulose is use in plants as?
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plant cell walls
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What is chitin?
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polymer of an amino sugar exoskeleten of arthropods, cell walls of some fungi
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Uses of proteins
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Structure (hain, nails, fibrin), Transport (hemoglobin), Signaling (chem messengers (hormones) protein receptors, movement (myosin, actin), defense (antibodies), enzymes
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Amino acids are joined together by...
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peptide bonds (COOH + NH2)
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Primary structure of a protein
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linear unbranched aas
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Secondary structure of a protein
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alpha helix coils and Beta Pleated sheets *H-bonds*
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Tertiary Structure
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~ by interactions btwn R-groups(weak) and strong disulfide bonds
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Quternary Structure
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H-bonds, 2 or more poly peptide chains
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Denaturation of proteins causes
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pH, temperature, salinity
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Lipids are --- and LDF
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non-polar, holds them together
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What are for classes of Lipids?
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Fats (sat and unsat), Phospholipids (lipid bilayer), Steroids,(cholesterol-stabilizes struture of cell membranes and can be made into vitamens, bile salts and hormones)
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Lipids are --- and LDF
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non-polar, holds them together
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What are for classes of Lipids?
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Fats (sat and unsat), Phospholipids (lipid bilayer), Steroids,(cholesterol-stabilizes struture of cell membranes and can be made into vitamens, bile salts and hormones), Waxes ( fatty acid-alcohols)
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Nucleic Acids function
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transmits hereditary info, chemical NRG, subunits of coenzyems
(DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) |
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ATP does work
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mechanical, transport, chemical
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Enzymes are ____ specific, when _______ bind to active sites, enzymes undergo _______fit, [substrate] effects _____ rate
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substrate (2), reaction
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Factors effecting Enzyme activity
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pH and temperature, cofactors (vitamins and Zn...)
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competitive inhibitors
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chemicals that resmeble an enzyme's normal substrat and compete for active site
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noncompetitive inhibitors
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bind to other part of an enzyme than active site and causes enzyme to change shape
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allosteric site
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receptor site and activate or inhibit an enzyme
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feedback inhibition
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regulation of a metabolic pathway by its end product binding to allosteric site
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cooperativity
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substrate binding to active site of 1 subunit that helps other substrats bind to theirs
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Localiztion of Enzymes help ___ metabolism
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orders
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Summary of glycolysis
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no C lost, each step enzyme catalyzed, partial oxidation of glucose, glucose rearranged and split
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products vs. reactants in glycolysis
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glucose, 2 ATP vs. 2 ATP, NaDH, 2 pyruvic acid
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products vs. reactants in The Krebs Cycle
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pyruvate + oxalacete = citric acid vs. NADH=8, FADH2=2, CO2=6, ATP=2
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substrate level phosphoration
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enzyme takes P1 from one molecule to ADP making ATP.
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cristae
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H+ pumps and other proteins embedded
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dehyrogenase
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accepts electrons from NADH
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intermembrane space
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high [h+]
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chemiosomosis
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movement of H+ down proton gradient accross a membrane coupled w/ ATP synthesis
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Total # of ATP produced in ETC
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36-38
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oxidative phosphorlation
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pass e- down ETC to make H20 and ATP
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Where does photosynthesis happen?
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in the thylakoid of a chloroplast
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What happens?
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light induces e- to pass through groups of chloroplasts in PSII to rxn center Chloroplast a. e- travel to H+ pump that pumps in H+ into the thylakoid space. ATP is made thru photophosphoration w/ the proton current. e- replaced w/ the splitting of water. in PSI, e- travel to NADP reductase to make NADPH
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Why does the cyclic cycle happen?
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to make more ATP. PS1 the e- go back to rxn center and do not make NADPH
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Location of calvin cycle
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stroma
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What happens in the calvin cycle?
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RuBP binds to Rubisco. Co2 enters and binds--> C6 compound. ATP and NADPH NRG added to make PGAL. RuBP regenrates
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Reasons why calvin cycle does no occur at night
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stomates close during the day, NADPH and ATP can't be made w/o light and last only for a few minutes, Rubisco is light activated
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What can RuBP bind to
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CO2 and O2
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A _____ can go thru photorespiration when O2 level is high
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C3, does not make any NRG
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A C4 plant makes_____ that goes into the bundle sheath cells as_____ to go through the calvin cycle
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oxalocetate , malic acid
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CAM plant goes thru ______ acid metablism hot+ dry. When are the stomates open? closed?
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Crassuiacean, night, day
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What do CAM plants make at night? by day?
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malic acid and NRG, PEP + CO2
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What are the types of fermentation? their products?
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Alcoholic (CO2 and ethanol-toxic) and Lactic Acid
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CAM plant goes thru ______ acid metablism hot+ dry. When are the stomates open? closed?
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Crassuiacean, night, day
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What do CAM plants make at night? by day?
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malic acid and NRG, PEP + CO2
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What are the types of fermentation? their products?
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Alcoholic (CO2 and ethanol-toxic), Lactic Acid
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CAM plant goes thru ______ acid metablism hot+ dry. When are the stomates open? closed?
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Crassuiacean, night, day
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What do CAM plants make at night? by day?
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malic acid and NRG, PEP + CO2
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What are the types of fermentation? their products?
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Alcoholic (CO2 and ethanol-toxic), Lactic Acid
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CAM plant goes thru ______ acid metablism hot+ dry. When are the stomates open? closed?
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Crassuiacean, night, day
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What do CAM plants make at night? by day?
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malic acid and NRG, PEP + CO2
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What are the types of fermentation? their products?
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Alcoholic (CO2 and ethanol-toxic), Lactic Acid,(Lactic acid) both produce 2 ATP b/c of glycolysis
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Characteristics of Prokaryotes
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mesosome internal membrane, no true nucleus, genetic material in nucleoid region, no membrane bound organelles
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Characteristics of Eukaryotes
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true nucleus, bounded by envelope, organelles
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What wavelengths are primarily aborbed in photosynthesis?
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Red and Blue
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