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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Domain Eukarya
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multicellular eukaryotic organisms; Kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, (Protists)
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Domain Archaea
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prokaryotic organisms that live in extreme environments; no cell walls; ex: thermophiles, methanogens
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Domain Bacteria
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unicellular prokaryotes
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negative feedback
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accumulation of an end product slows the process; ex: an excess of ATP inhibits enzymes at the beginning of the pathway
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positive feedback
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accumulation of an end product speeds up the process; ex: blood clot in response to an injury--the chemicals released by platelets attract more platelets
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covalent bond
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sharing valence electrons
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nonpolar covalent bond
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bond in which electrons are shared equally; ex: H2 or O2
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polar covalent bond
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bon in which electrons are not shared equally; ex: CH4 or H2O
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ionic bond
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attraction between cations & anions
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cation
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positively charged ion; more protons than electrons
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anion
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negatively charged ion; more electrons than protons
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properties of water
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cohesion, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent
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cohesion
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bonding together of like molecules (often by H+ bonds); contributes to transport of water & dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants
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acid
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substance that increases H+ concentration of a solution; H+ donor
PH < 7 |
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base
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substance that reduces H+ concentration of a solution; H+ acceptor
PH > 7 |
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allele
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alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
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codominance
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phenotypes of both alleles exhibited in the heterozygote
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complete dominance
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phenotypes of heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable
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epistasis
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gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited
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incomplete dominance
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phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele
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law of independent assortment
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Mendel's 2nd law; each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation
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law of segregation
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Mendel's 1st law; each allele in a pair separates into a different gamete during gamete formation
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multiple alleles
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more than 2 alleles/versions of a gene (ex: blood type)
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multifactorial
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refers to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes & environmental factors
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pleiotropy
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ability of a single gene to have multiple effects
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Sickle Cell Disease
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genetic disease caused by recessive allele resulting in substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; characterized by deformed red blood cells
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Tay Sachs Disease
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genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme leading to an accumulation of certain lipids in the brain
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entropy
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measure of disorder; every transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
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endergonic reaction
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a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings
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exergonic reaction
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a spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy
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catabolic
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a metabolic pathway that breaks down complex molecules into simpler compounds
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anabolic
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a metabolic pathway that synthesizes (builds) a complex molecule from simpler compounds
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allosteric regulation
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the binding of a molecule to a protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site
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noncompetitive inhibitor
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a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate
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competitive inhibitor
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a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics
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