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96 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm (Cytosol)
What happens to the glucose during glycolysis?
It is enzymatically broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Is carbon dioxide released during glycolysis?
No
Is oxygen required for glycolysis?
No
How is ATP formed during glycolysis?
Substrate level phosphorylation
Where does the pyruvate go after glycolysis?
Mitochondrial matrix
During the intermediate step (the oxidation of pyruvate to acetic acid), what is released from the pyruvate
Two carbon dioxides and 2 NADH
What combines temporarily to acetic acid during the intermediate step?
Coenzyme A
What is the starting compound in the Krebs cycle?
Oxaloacetic acid
How many carbons does oxaloacetic acid have?
4
What is formed when the acetyl group combines with the starting compound?
Citric acid
How is ATP produced during the Krebs cycle?
Substrate level phosphorylation
Where is the Krebs cycle taking place?
Mitochondrial Matix
What electron carrying coenzymes are produced during the Krebs cycle?
NADH and FADH2
Where is the electron transport chain located in the mitochondria?
Cristae (Inter-membrane folds)
Where are the hydrogen protons pumped to create a proton gradient?
Into intermembrane space
What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain?
Oxygen (O2)
When Oxygen is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain, what is it strongly attracted to?
Hydrogen electrons
What is located in the inner membrane that allows the hydrogen protons to flow back across from the inter-membrane space to the mitochondrial matrix
ATP synthase
What does it catalyze?
ATP production
When the proton and electron of hydrogen rejoin as they are attracted to oxygen, what is formed?
Water (H20)
By what process is ATP formed during the Electron transport chain? (ETC)
Oxidative phosphorylation
How many ATP can NADH form during the electron transport chain?
3
How many ATP can FADH2 form?
2
How many NADH collect in the matrix from the breakdown of one glucose?
2
The process of fermentation occurs when what substance is absent?
Oxygen
What type of fermentation occurs in human muscles?
Lactic acid
What two substances are produced during fermentation of bacteria?
Ethanol and Carbon dioxide
Anaerobic catabolism of organic nutrients; partial degradation
Fermentation
Is fermentation anabolic or catabolic?
Catabolic
Aerobic catabolism of organic nutrients; most common and most efficient
Cellular respiration
Fermentation and cellular respiration provides energy for ___ ______ from ADP + P
ATP synthesis
Enzymes catalyze the transfer of the P to another molecule, which is said to be _______ and becomes more reactive in the process
Phosphorylated
Hydrolysis of ATP's unstable phosphate bonds is ______ (reaction-wise)
Exergonic
Hydrolysis of ATP's ___ phosphate bonds is exergonic (Type of bond)
Unstable
Equation of Photosynthesis
CO2 + H20 + Light energy --------> C6H12O6 + O2
Equation of Ceullular Respiration
O2 + C6H12O6 --------> CO2 + H2O + Energy
Redox reactions transfer _______
Hydrogen from Sugar to Oxygen
Gain of electrons
Reduction
Loss of electrons
Oxidation
Is the Electron transport chain oxidative or reductive?
Oxidative (Loses electrons)
______ ____ accounts for most of the ATP production as oxygen pulls energized electrons down from the electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for most of the ATP production as Oxygen pulls energized ______ down the electron transport chain
Electrons
How much ATP is required to start glycolysis?
2
NADH is an ___ that will become ____ later during glycolysis
Intermediate : ATP
After glycolysis, the pyruvic acids can follow several pathways, including ____ or ____ respiration
Anaerobic : Aerobic
Yeast cells convert pyruvic acid to ethanol by _____ during anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
Fermentation produces ___ as a bi-product
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
During anaerobic respiration, bacteria converts pyruvic acid into ____
Acetic acid (vinegar)
During anaerobic respiration, muscle cells convert pyruvic acid into _____
Lactic acid
_____ acid can accumulate, lower pH, reduce ability to contract, and cause muscle fatigue
Lactic acid
Lactic acid ----> Blood -----> Liver ------> Pyruvic acid ------> Glucose describes what?
Second wind
Does glycolysis require free oxygen?
No
How do anaerobic pathways generate their 2 ATP?
Substrate level phosphorylation
In aerobic respiration, Pyruvic acid ------> ___ + ___ + ___
CO2 + H2O + ATP
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
The mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria is surrounded by two membranes, what are they are what are they like?
1) Outer - Smooth
2) Inner - Folded (Cristae); only permeable to ATP and pyruvic acid
Dense solution surrounding the cristae
Matrix
What does the matrix of the mitochondria contain (4 specific ones)?
Enzymes, coenzymes (NAD and FAD), water, phosphate, and other molecules
The two pyruvic acids undergo a quick change to ___ ___ during aerobic respiration
Acetyl CoA
_____ acid can accumulate, lower pH, reduce ability to contract, and cause muscle fatigue
Lactic acid
Lactic acid ----> Blood -----> Liver ------> Pyruvic acid ------> Glucose describes what?
Second wind
Does glycolysis require free oxygen?
No
How do anaerobic pathways generate their 2 ATP?
Substrate level phosphorylation
In aerobic respiration, Pyruvic acid ------> ___ + ___ + ___
CO2 + H2O + ATP
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
The mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria is surrounded by two membranes, what are they are what are they like?
1) Outer - Smooth
2) Inner - Folded (Cristae); only permeable to ATP and pyruvic acid
Dense solution surrounding the cristae
Matrix
What does the matrix of the mitochondria contain (4 specific ones)?
Enzymes, coenzymes (NAD and FAD), water, phosphate, and other molecules
The two pyruvic acids undergo a quick change to ___ ___ during aerobic respiration
Acetyl CoA
State what happens leading up to the Krebs cycle starting with glucose
Glucose ---> 2 Pyruvic acids ---> Coenzymes A + Acetyl ---> 2 Acetyl CoA
Completes the oxidation of the remaining acetyl fragments of acetyl CoA to CO2
Krebs cycle
Alternative name of the Krebs cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
Is the Krebs cycle endergonic or exergonic?
Exergonic
Energy released from the Krebs cycle is used to reduce coenzyme NAD+ and FAD to ____ and ____
NADH : FADH2
Energy released from this exergonic process is used to phosphorylate ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
Krebs cycle
The krebs cycle takes one turn for each __ ________
3 Carbon pyruvate
Transfer of energy. High-energy electrons are passed step by step to oxygen
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain generates ATP from ___
ADP
What enters at the "Top of the hill" in the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2
During ETC, NADH passes electrons (e-) to ____ (protein acceptor)
FMN
What two things are plugged into the ETC?
NADH and FADH2
The ETC generates ATP from ___
ADP
At the beginning of the ETC, or the "top of the hill" These two things enter
NADH and FADH2
NADH passes its electrons to ____
FMW
FADH2 passes its electrons to ___
Q
In ETC, electrons are passed through a series of receptors to mostly cytochromes, ultimately to oxygen which combines with the protons in the solution to form ___
Water
Where is the ETC?
Cristae
Where does the ETC pump NADH and FADH?
Inner-membrane space
ATP is produced during ETC by _________ _______________
Oxidative phosphorylation
NADH can for how much ATP?
3
FADH2 can form how many ATP?
2
How much NADH an dFADH2 are collected in the matrix during ETC?
10 NADH and 2 FADH2
Products of oxidation of pyruvic acid
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2s, 2 NADH
Products of Krebs cycle
2 ATP, 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
The direct enzymatic transfer of phosphate to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism
Substrate level phosphorylation