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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where does glycolysis take place?
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Cytoplasm (Cytosol)
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What happens to the glucose during glycolysis?
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It is enzymatically broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid
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Is carbon dioxide released during glycolysis?
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No
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Is oxygen required for glycolysis?
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No
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How is ATP formed during glycolysis?
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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Where does the pyruvate go after glycolysis?
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Mitochondrial matrix
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During the intermediate step (the oxidation of pyruvate to acetic acid), what is released from the pyruvate
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Two carbon dioxides and 2 NADH
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What combines temporarily to acetic acid during the intermediate step?
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Coenzyme A
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What is the starting compound in the Krebs cycle?
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Oxaloacetic acid
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How many carbons does oxaloacetic acid have?
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4
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What is formed when the acetyl group combines with the starting compound?
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Citric acid
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How is ATP produced during the Krebs cycle?
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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Where is the Krebs cycle taking place?
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Mitochondrial Matix
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What electron carrying coenzymes are produced during the Krebs cycle?
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NADH and FADH2
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Where is the electron transport chain located in the mitochondria?
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Cristae (Inter-membrane folds)
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Where are the hydrogen protons pumped to create a proton gradient?
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Into intermembrane space
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What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain?
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Oxygen (O2)
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When Oxygen is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain, what is it strongly attracted to?
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Hydrogen electrons
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What is located in the inner membrane that allows the hydrogen protons to flow back across from the inter-membrane space to the mitochondrial matrix
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ATP synthase
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What does it catalyze?
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ATP production
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When the proton and electron of hydrogen rejoin as they are attracted to oxygen, what is formed?
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Water (H20)
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By what process is ATP formed during the Electron transport chain? (ETC)
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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How many ATP can NADH form during the electron transport chain?
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3
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How many ATP can FADH2 form?
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2
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How many NADH collect in the matrix from the breakdown of one glucose?
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2
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The process of fermentation occurs when what substance is absent?
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Oxygen
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What type of fermentation occurs in human muscles?
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Lactic acid
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What two substances are produced during fermentation of bacteria?
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Ethanol and Carbon dioxide
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Anaerobic catabolism of organic nutrients; partial degradation
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Fermentation
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Is fermentation anabolic or catabolic?
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Catabolic
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Aerobic catabolism of organic nutrients; most common and most efficient
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Cellular respiration
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Fermentation and cellular respiration provides energy for ___ ______ from ADP + P
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ATP synthesis
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Enzymes catalyze the transfer of the P to another molecule, which is said to be _______ and becomes more reactive in the process
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Phosphorylated
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Hydrolysis of ATP's unstable phosphate bonds is ______ (reaction-wise)
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Exergonic
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Hydrolysis of ATP's ___ phosphate bonds is exergonic (Type of bond)
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Unstable
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Equation of Photosynthesis
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CO2 + H20 + Light energy --------> C6H12O6 + O2
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Equation of Ceullular Respiration
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O2 + C6H12O6 --------> CO2 + H2O + Energy
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Redox reactions transfer _______
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Hydrogen from Sugar to Oxygen
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Gain of electrons
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Reduction
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Loss of electrons
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Oxidation
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Is the Electron transport chain oxidative or reductive?
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Oxidative (Loses electrons)
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______ ____ accounts for most of the ATP production as oxygen pulls energized electrons down from the electron transport chain
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for most of the ATP production as Oxygen pulls energized ______ down the electron transport chain
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Electrons
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How much ATP is required to start glycolysis?
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2
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NADH is an ___ that will become ____ later during glycolysis
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Intermediate : ATP
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After glycolysis, the pyruvic acids can follow several pathways, including ____ or ____ respiration
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Anaerobic : Aerobic
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Yeast cells convert pyruvic acid to ethanol by _____ during anaerobic respiration
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Fermentation
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Fermentation produces ___ as a bi-product
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Carbon dioxide (CO2)
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During anaerobic respiration, bacteria converts pyruvic acid into ____
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Acetic acid (vinegar)
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During anaerobic respiration, muscle cells convert pyruvic acid into _____
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Lactic acid
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_____ acid can accumulate, lower pH, reduce ability to contract, and cause muscle fatigue
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Lactic acid
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Lactic acid ----> Blood -----> Liver ------> Pyruvic acid ------> Glucose describes what?
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Second wind
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Does glycolysis require free oxygen?
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No
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How do anaerobic pathways generate their 2 ATP?
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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In aerobic respiration, Pyruvic acid ------> ___ + ___ + ___
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CO2 + H2O + ATP
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Where does aerobic respiration take place?
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The mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
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Mitochondria is surrounded by two membranes, what are they are what are they like?
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1) Outer - Smooth
2) Inner - Folded (Cristae); only permeable to ATP and pyruvic acid |
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Dense solution surrounding the cristae
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Matrix
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What does the matrix of the mitochondria contain (4 specific ones)?
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Enzymes, coenzymes (NAD and FAD), water, phosphate, and other molecules
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The two pyruvic acids undergo a quick change to ___ ___ during aerobic respiration
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Acetyl CoA
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_____ acid can accumulate, lower pH, reduce ability to contract, and cause muscle fatigue
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Lactic acid
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Lactic acid ----> Blood -----> Liver ------> Pyruvic acid ------> Glucose describes what?
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Second wind
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Does glycolysis require free oxygen?
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No
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How do anaerobic pathways generate their 2 ATP?
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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In aerobic respiration, Pyruvic acid ------> ___ + ___ + ___
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CO2 + H2O + ATP
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Where does aerobic respiration take place?
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The mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
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Mitochondria is surrounded by two membranes, what are they are what are they like?
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1) Outer - Smooth
2) Inner - Folded (Cristae); only permeable to ATP and pyruvic acid |
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Dense solution surrounding the cristae
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Matrix
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What does the matrix of the mitochondria contain (4 specific ones)?
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Enzymes, coenzymes (NAD and FAD), water, phosphate, and other molecules
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The two pyruvic acids undergo a quick change to ___ ___ during aerobic respiration
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Acetyl CoA
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State what happens leading up to the Krebs cycle starting with glucose
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Glucose ---> 2 Pyruvic acids ---> Coenzymes A + Acetyl ---> 2 Acetyl CoA
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Completes the oxidation of the remaining acetyl fragments of acetyl CoA to CO2
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Krebs cycle
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Alternative name of the Krebs cycle
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Citric Acid Cycle
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Is the Krebs cycle endergonic or exergonic?
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Exergonic
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Energy released from the Krebs cycle is used to reduce coenzyme NAD+ and FAD to ____ and ____
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NADH : FADH2
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Energy released from this exergonic process is used to phosphorylate ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
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Krebs cycle
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The krebs cycle takes one turn for each __ ________
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3 Carbon pyruvate
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Transfer of energy. High-energy electrons are passed step by step to oxygen
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Electron Transport Chain
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The electron transport chain generates ATP from ___
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ADP
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What enters at the "Top of the hill" in the electron transport chain?
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NADH and FADH2
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During ETC, NADH passes electrons (e-) to ____ (protein acceptor)
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FMN
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What two things are plugged into the ETC?
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NADH and FADH2
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The ETC generates ATP from ___
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ADP
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At the beginning of the ETC, or the "top of the hill" These two things enter
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NADH and FADH2
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NADH passes its electrons to ____
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FMW
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FADH2 passes its electrons to ___
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Q
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In ETC, electrons are passed through a series of receptors to mostly cytochromes, ultimately to oxygen which combines with the protons in the solution to form ___
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Water
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Where is the ETC?
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Cristae
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Where does the ETC pump NADH and FADH?
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Inner-membrane space
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ATP is produced during ETC by _________ _______________
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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NADH can for how much ATP?
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3
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FADH2 can form how many ATP?
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2
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How much NADH an dFADH2 are collected in the matrix during ETC?
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10 NADH and 2 FADH2
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Products of oxidation of pyruvic acid
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2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2s, 2 NADH
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Products of Krebs cycle
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2 ATP, 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
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The direct enzymatic transfer of phosphate to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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