Ap Biology Chapter 35 & 36 Plant Structure Growth W.e

Front 1

Root System

Back 1

roots anchored in soil, absorbs minerals and water, and stores food

Front 2

Shoot System

Back 2

Stems and leaves, focuses on absorbing light energy and carbon dioxide

Front 3

Fibrous Root

Back 3

-mat of thin roots spread out below the soil surface
-extends exposure to soil water and minerals and anchors tenaciously to the ground
-topsoil, excellent ground cover for preventing erosion
-Monocot

Front 4

Taproot System

Back 4

-Dicots
-one large vertical root that produces many smaller lateral or branch, roots
-firmly anchors in soil
often stores food

Front 5

Root Hairs

Back 5

-increase surface area of roots
-extension of epidermal cells on the root surface
-trichomes

Front 6

Adventitious Roots

Back 6

-extraneous roots that grow above ground and can often be used as additional support for the stem

Front 7

Nodes

Back 7

-point of attachment for leaves

Front 8

Internodes

Back 8

-space between nodes

Front 9

Axillary bud

Back 9

-in the angle between the leave and the stem
-potential to become a branch on the stem

Front 10

Terminal bud

Back 10

-located at the top of growing young shoots
-concentrated point of growth for a young plant

Front 11

Apical Dominance

Back 11

-when the axillary buds do not grow when there is terminal bud
-concentrates plant resources on growing taller and thereby increasing its exposure to light from the sun

Front 12

Runners

Back 12

-stems that grow along the ground and help the plant colonize a larger area

Front 13

Rhizomes

Back 13

horizontal stems that grow underground

Front 14

Tubers

Back 14

swollen ends of rhizomes that are specialized to store food

Front 15

Bulbs

Back 15

-vertical underground shoots
-mostly swollen bases of leaves that store food

Front 16

Leaves

Back 16

-main photosynthetic organs of most plants
-green stems also perform photosynthesis

Front 17

Monocots

Back 17

-one cotyledon
-veins usually parallel
-vascular bundles usually complexly arranged
-fibrous root system
-floral parts usually in multiples of three

Front 18

Dicots

Back 18

-two cotyledons
-veins usually netlike
-vascular bundles usually arranged in ring
-taproot usually present
-Floral parts usually in multiples of four or five

Front 19

Dermal tissue (epidermis)

Back 19

"skin" of the plant, consists of a single layer of tightly packed cells

Front 20

Stomates (stomata)

Back 20

-openings in the epidermis
-allow for gas exchange between the surrounding air and photosynthetic cells
-major source of water loss by evaporation

Front 21

Guard cells

Back 21

-regulates opening of the stomata
-specialized epidermal cells

Front 22

Cuticle

Back 22

-non-living layer that aids in preventing water loss
-forms from waxy substance secreted from epidermal cells

Front 23

Parenchyma Cells

Back 23

-thin flexible primary cell walls and no secondary walls
-most abundant cells in the plant
-found in photosynthetic palisade mesophyll of the leaf

Front 24

Collenchyma Cells

Back 24

-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform)
-provides support to the other tissues of the plant
-can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall
-found in parts of plant that are still growing

Front 25

Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 25

-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin
-found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length

Front 26

Vascular Tissue

Back 26

-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant

Front 27

Xylem

Back 27

-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots

Front 28

Phloem

Back 28

-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant

Front 29

Collenchyma Cells

Back 29

-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform)
-provides support to the other tissues of the plant
-can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall
-found in parts of plant that are still growing

Front 30

Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 30

-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin
-found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length

Front 31

Vascular Tissue

Back 31

-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant

Front 32

Xylem

Back 32

-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots

Front 33

Collenchyma Cells

Back 33

-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform)
-provides support to the other tissues of the plant
-can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall
-found in parts of plant that are still growing

Front 34

Phloem

Back 34

-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant

Front 35

Collenchyma Cells

Back 35

-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform)
-provides support to the other tissues of the plant
-can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall
-found in parts of plant that are still growing

Front 36

Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 36

-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin
-found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length

Front 37

Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 37

-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin
-found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length

Front 38

Vascular Tissue

Back 38

-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant

Front 39

Collenchyma Cells

Back 39

-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform)
-provides support to the other tissues of the plant
-can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall
-found in parts of plant that are still growing

Front 40

Vascular Tissue

Back 40

-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant

Front 41

Xylem

Back 41

-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots

Front 42

Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 42

-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin
-found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length

Front 43

Collenchyma Cells

Back 43

-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform)
-provides support to the other tissues of the plant
-can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall
-found in parts of plant that are still growing

Front 44

Xylem

Back 44

-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots

Front 45

Phloem

Back 45

-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant

Front 46

Vascular Tissue

Back 46

-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant

Front 47

Phloem

Back 47

-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant

Front 48

Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 48

-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin
-found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length

Front 49

Collenchyma Cells

Back 49

-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform)
-provides support to the other tissues of the plant
-can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall
-found in parts of plant that are still growing

Front 50

Collenchyma Cells

Back 50

-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform)
-provides support to the other tissues of the plant
-can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall
-found in parts of plant that are still growing

Front 51

Xylem

Back 51

-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots

Front 52

Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 52

-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin
-found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length

Front 53

Vascular Tissue

Back 53

-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant

Front 54

Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 54

-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin
-found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length

Front 55

Phloem

Back 55

-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant

Front 56

Vascular Tissue

Back 56

-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant

Front 57

Xylem

Back 57

-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots

Front 58

Phloem

Back 58

-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant

Front 59

Vascular Tissue

Back 59

-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant

Front 60

Xylem

Back 60

-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots

Front 61

Xylem

Back 61

-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots

Front 62

Phloem

Back 62

-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant

Front 63

Phloem

Back 63

-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant

Front 64

Fibers

Back 64

-one of two types of sclerenchyma cells
-long slender, tapered, and usually occur in groups
-those from hemp fibers are used for making rope, and those from flax are woven into linen
-made for support

Front 65

Sclereids

Back 65

-one of two types of sclerenchyma cells
-irregular in shape and shorter than fibers
-very thick, lignified secondary walls
-impart hardness to nutshells and seed coats and the gritty texture to pear fruits
-made for support

Front 66

Tracheids

Back 66

-elongated cells dead at functional maturity
-secondary walls interrupted by pits
-long, thin cells with tampered ends
-water moves from cell to cell through pits
-hardened with lignin, tracheids function in support as well as transport

Front 67

Vessel Elements

Back 67

-elongated cells that are dead at functional maturity
-wider, shorter, thinner walled, and less tapered than tracheids
-aligned end to end, forming long micropipes or xylem vessels

Front 68

Pits

Back 68

thinner regions where only primary walls are present

Front 69

Sieve-tube members

Back 69

-conducting cells of phloem
-living, have cytoplasm, lack nuclei or ribosomes at maturity therefore unable to divide
-separated by perforated, cell wall end plates called sieve plates
-perforations facilitate the passing of organic nutrients through the tissue

Front 70

Companion Cells

Back 70

-non-conducting
-connected to the sieve-tube members by plasmodesmata
-nucleus and ribosomes can work for the sieve-tube members through the plasmodesmata

Front 71

Indeterminate Growth

Back 71

-they grow continuously throughout their lifetime

Front 72

Annual plants

Back 72

-complete lifecycle once a year

Front 73

Biennial plants

Back 73

complete lifecycle in two years

Front 74

Perennials

Back 74

lifecycle exists for many years

Front 75

Meristems

Back 75

-embryonic tissues
-exist in indeterminate growth
-present in regions of plant growth

Front 76

Apical meristem

Back 76

-located at the tips of the shoots (shoot apical meristem) and tips of the roots (root apical meristem)
-allow plant to grow in length

Front 77

Primary growth

Back 77

-elongation affected by apical meristems
-adds primary phloem, xylem, and epidermis

Front 78

Protoderm

Back 78

give rise to dermal tissue

Front 79

Procambium

Back 79

give rise to vascular tissue

Front 80

Ground Meristem

Back 80

give rise to ground tissue

Front 81

Stele

Back 81

central vascular tissue of the root

Front 82

Pericycle

Back 82

-surrounds stele
-give rise to lateral roots

Front 83

Vascular Cambium

Back 83

gives rise to secondary xylem

Front 84

Cork Cambium

Back 84

gives rise to the cork cells and the outer bark

Front 85

Secondary Plant Growth

Back 85

-increases width of plant and functions to increase structural support of the plant and produces wood
-grow by lateral meristems

Front 86

Lateral Meristems

Back 86

-commonly known as cambium
-responsible for secondary growth in plants

Front 87

Mesophyll

Back 87

-ground tissue of the leaf found between the layers of epidermis
-contains palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma, and vascular bundle

Front 88

Pith

Back 88

-central core of the stem
-made of parenchyma cells
-collenchyma cells are found beneath the epidermis, in the cortex, for support

Front 89

Pith

Back 89

-central core of the stem
-made of parenchyma cells
-collenchyma cells are found beneath the epidermis, in the cortex, for support