Ap Biology Chapter 31 Vocabulary

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Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

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A distinct type of endomycorrhiza formed by glomeromycete fungi, in which the tips of the fungal hyphae that invade the plant roots branch into tiny treelike structures called arbuscules.

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Asci

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A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of a dikaryotic hypha of a sac fungus.

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Ascocarps

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The fruiting body of a sac fungus [ascomycete].

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Ascomycetes

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See Sac Fungus.

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Basidiocarps

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Elaborate fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus.

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Basidiomycetes

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See Club Fungus.

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Basidium

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A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms [club fungi].

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Chitin

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A structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

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Chytrids

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Member of the fungal phylum Chytridiomycota, mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that probably represent the most primitive fungal lineage.

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Club Fungus

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The common name for members of the phylum Basidiomycota. The name comes from the club-like shape of the basidium.

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Conidia

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Naked, asexual spores produced at the ends of specialized hyphae in ascomycetes.

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Deuteromycetes

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Traditional classification for a fungus with no known sexual stage. When a sexual stage for a so-called deuteromycete is discovered, the species is assigned to a phylum. Also called an imperfect fungus.

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Dikaryotic

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Referring to a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent.

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Ectomycorrhizal fungi

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A fungus that forms ectomycorrhizae with plant roots.

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Endomycorrhizal fungi

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A fungus that forms endomycorrhizae with plant roots.

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Exoenzymes

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A powerful hydrolytic enzyme secreted by a fungus outside its body to digest food.

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Glomeromycetes

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Member of the fungal phylum Glomeromycota, characterized by forming a distinct branching form of endomycorrhizae [symbiotic relationships with plant roots] called arbuscular mycorrhize.

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Heterokaryon

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A fungal mycelium formed by the fusion of two hyphae that have genetically different nuclei.

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Hyphae

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A filament that collectively makes up the body of a fungus.

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Imperfect Fungi

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See Deuteromycete.

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Karyogamy

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The fusion of nuclei of two cells, as part of syngamy.

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Lichens

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The symbiotic collective formed by the mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium.

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Mold

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A rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores.

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Mycelium

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The densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus.

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Mychorrhizae

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Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi.

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Mycosis

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The general term for a fungal infection.

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Opisthokonts

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Member of the clade Opisthokonta, organisms that descended from an ancestor with a posterior flagellum, including fungi, animals, and certain protists.

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Pheromones

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In animals and fungi, a small, volatile chemical that functions in communication and that in animals acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior.

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Plasmogamy

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The fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of syngamy.

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Sac Fungi

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Member of the phylum Ascomycota. Sac fungi range in size and complexity from unicellular yeasts to minute leafspot fungi to elaborate cup fungi and morels. About half of the sac fungi and algae or cyanobacteria in the mutualistic associations called lichens.

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Septa

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One of the cross-walls that divide a fungal hypha into cells. Septa generally have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell.

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Soredia

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In lichens, small clusters of fungal hyphae with embedded algae.

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Yeasts

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Single-celled fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats and reproduce asexually by simple cell division of by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell.

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Zoospores

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Flagellated spore occurring in chytrid fungi.

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Zygomycetes

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Member of the fungal phylum Zygomycota, characterized by forming a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction.

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Zygosporangium

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In zygomycete fungi, a sturdy multinucleate structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occur.