Ap Biology - Chapter 18-19 - Viruses And Bacteria

Front 1

Are viruses living or non living?

Back 1

Non living

Front 2

Misfolded versions of normal proteins

Back 2

Prions

Front 3

Viruses are composed of these four things

Back 3

1) Capsid
2) Nucleic acid
3) Envelope
4) Tail fibers

Front 4

Protein coat (either rod shaped, helical, polyhedral)

Back 4

Capsid

Front 5

On animal viruses to help it infect the host

Back 5

Envelope

Front 6

For attachment and injection of nucleic acid

Back 6

Tail fibers

Front 7

Viruses _____ instead of reproducing

Back 7

Replicate

Front 8

Two major cycles of viruses :

Back 8

1) Lytic Cycle
2) Lysogenic Cycle

Front 9

Steps of the Lytic Cycle :

Back 9

Attachment, injecting nucleic acid into host cell, break down host DNA and replicate viral parts, assembly of parts, lysis of cell

Front 10

Steps of the Lysogenic Cycle :

Back 10

Attachment, injects, recombination (Viral DNA joins host DNA), bacterial cell reproduces by binary fission, activation of lysogenic phage, kicks into lytic cycle

Front 11

Two types of genetic recombination in bacteria

Back 11

1) Transformation
2) Transduction

Front 12

Gene transfer during which a bacterial cell uses foreign DNA from surroundings

Back 12

Transformation

Front 13

Gene transfer from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage

Back 13

Transduction

Front 14

Random pieces of host DNA are packaged in the capsid during the lytic cycle (Type of transduction)

Back 14

Generalized

Front 15

Prophage snips out piece of host DNA and carries it with it. Only occurs in temperate phages (Type of transduction)

Back 15

Specialized/restricted transduction

Front 16

Conjugation forms a _____ between two bacteria and DNA is transferred

Back 16

Bridge

Front 17

Larger double stranded loops of DNA in conjugation

Back 17

Plasmids

Front 18

Smaller loops of DNA in conjugation

Back 18

Episomes

Front 19

F plasmids

Back 19

Fertility

Front 20

F+

Back 20

Male with pili + plasmid

Front 21

F-

Back 21

Female

Front 22

R plasmids

Back 22

Drug resistance gene

Front 23

Jumping genes are also known as

Back 23

Transposons

Front 24

Who discovered transposons

Back 24

McClintock

Front 25

Genes switch on and off as conditions in the intracellular _____ changes

Back 25

Environment

Front 26

What are the two main ways bacteria control genes switching on and off?

Back 26

1) Regulation of enzyme activity
2) Regulation of gene expression

Front 27

Regulation of enzyme activity means

Back 27

Feedback inhibition

Front 28

Regulation of gene expression means

Back 28

Accumulation of product may trigger a mechanism that inhibits transcription of mRNA production by genes that code for an enzyme at the beginning of the pathway

Front 29

Who proposed the operon concept

Back 29

Jacob - Monod

Front 30

What are the Operon components?

Back 30

1) Operon
2) Structural genes
3) Operator
4) Regulatory genes

Front 31

Structural genes with related functions and promoter region with operator

Back 31

Operon

Front 32

Code for a polypeptide, enzyme

Back 32

Structural genes

Front 33

Acts as on/off switch for transcription of the structural genes

Back 33

Operator

Front 34

The operator is ON unless the _____ is present to switch it OFF

Back 34

Repressor

Front 35

Code for repressors and regulators

Back 35

Regulatory genes

Front 36

Transcription of regulatory genes produces mRNA translated into regulatory protein that binds to the operator that represses or activates _____ of operon's _____ _____

Back 36

1) Transcription
2) Structural genes

Front 37

Transcription of regulatory genes produces mRNA translated into regulatory protein that binds to _____ which represses or activates transcription of operon's structural genes

Back 37

Operator

Front 38

Transcription of regulatory genes produces mRNA translated into ____ _____ that binds to operator which represses or activates transcription of operon's structural genes

Back 38

Regulatory protein

Front 39

Transcription of regulatory genes produces _____ translated into regulatory protein that binds to operator which represses or activates transcription of operon's structural genes

Back 39

mRNA

Front 40

_____ _____ binds to the promoter and moves past the operator to transcribe the structural genes unless the repressor protein is in the operator

Back 40

RNA Polymerase

Front 41

In the trp operon, the presence of tryptophan acts as a _____ when it binds to the repressor protein and both move into the operator turning the operon off

Back 41

Corepressor

Front 42

Lactose binds to repressor protein to inactivate it so the enzyme to break lactose down can be transcribed and translated. Said to be an _____ _____

Back 42

Inducible enzyme

Front 43

Are the promoter and operator transcribed?

Back 43

NO!!!!!

Front 44

Cause plant viruses

Back 44

Viroids

Front 45

Small molecules of naked RNA that disturb the metabolism of a plant cell

Back 45

Viroid

Front 46

Viroids may spread from plant to plant by these two ways

Back 46

1) Horizontal transmission
2) Vertical transmission

Front 47

External source like a gardener's tool, animals, cross contamination

Back 47

Horizontal transmission

Front 48

Inheritance of a viral infection from a parent plant. Asexually by propagation or sexually by infected seeds

Back 48

Vertical transmission

Front 49

What is the difference between horizontal and vertical transmission?

Back 49

Horizontal is getting the viroid by an external source (objects), while vertical transmission is inheriting the viral infection from a parent plant

Front 50

Carriers of viruses

Back 50

Vectors

Front 51

_____ _____ usually stunt plant growth

Back 51

RNA viruses

Front 52

Genes that trigger cancerous transformation in cells

Back 52

Oncogenes

Front 53

Substances that can trigger oncogenes/cause cancer to occur

Back 53

Carcinogens

Front 54

A weakened derivative of the pathogen that triggers immunity

Back 54

Vaccine

Front 55

Abnormal growth of cells resulting in a mass

Back 55

Tumor

Front 56

Not generally life-threatening; contained at the site (tumor)

Back 56

Benign

Front 57

Tumor that may be life-threatening; cells have spread from the original mass

Back 57

Malignant

Front 58

Cancer has spread to other areas of the body

Back 58

Mestastasize

Front 59

Viruses are possibly evolved from fragments of cellular nucleic acid that acquired special _____

Back 59

Pkg

Front 60

Viruses possibly originated from _____ that never re-entered the sequence

Back 60

Transposons

Front 61

Three most common cell shapes

Back 61

1) Cocci
2) Bacilli
3) Spirilla

Front 62

The cocci cell shape is _____

Back 62

Spherical

Front 63

The bacilli cell shape is _____ _____

Back 63

Rod shaped

Front 64

The spirilla cell shape is _____

Back 64

Helical

Front 65

Cell walls are made of _____, or polymers of modified sugars with short peptides

Back 65

Peptidogylcan

Front 66

Many bacteria have a _____ _____ outside the cell wall for extra protection

Back 66

Sticky capsule

Front 67

Many bacteria have _____ which act as a surface appendage

Back 67

Pili

Front 68

Highly compacted, NOT transcribing; visible

Back 68

Heterochromatin

Front 69

More open, actively transcribing; NOT visible

Back 69

Euchromatin

Front 70

Heterochromatin; one X chromosome in females

Back 70

Barr body

Front 71

Adding methyl groups to DNA bases to prevent transcription

Back 71

DNA Methylation

Front 72

Allow transcription to occur because the DNA is in the euchromatin form

Back 72

Chromosome puffs