Ap Biology - Cellular Respiration And Photosynthesis

Front 1

Fermentation

Back 1

partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the help of oxygen

Front 2

cellular respiration

Back 2

the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel (mitochondria)

Front 3

redox reactions

Back 3

a transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another - the long name for this is oxidation- reduction reactions

Front 4

oxidation

Back 4

in a redox reaction, the loss of electrons from one substance

Front 5

reduction

Back 5

the addition of electrons to another substance

Front 6

reducing agent

Back 6

the electron donor in a redox reaction

Front 7

oxidizing agent

Back 7

the electorn acceptor in a redox rxn

Front 8

NAD+ (nictotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

Back 8

A coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox rxns of metabolism

Front 9

electron transport chain

Back 9

used by respiration to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps instead of one explosive reaction; Consists of a number of molecules built into the inner membrane or a mitochondrian

Front 10

Glycolysis

Back 10

the spliting of glucose into pyruvate. Gylcolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration

Front 11

The Krebs Cycle

Back 11

takes place within the mitochondrial matrix, completes the job (of glycolysis) by decomposing a derivetive of pyruvate to CO2

Front 12

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 12

Energy released at each step of the chain is stored in a form the mitochondrian can use to make ATP. This mode of ATP synthesis is called oxidative phosphorylation becasue it is powered by the redox reactions that transfer electrons from food to oxygen

Front 13

substrate-level phosphorylation

Back 13

a mechanism in which a smaller amount of ATP is formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

Front 14

acetyl CoA

Back 14

upon entering the mitochondrian, pyruvate is first converted to a compound acytyl CoA

Front 15

cytochromes (cyt)

Back 15

An iron-containing protien, a component of electon transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts

Front 16

ATP synthase

Back 16

the enzyme that makes ATP

Front 17

chemiosmosis

Back 17

coupling mechanism for oxidative phosphorylation

Front 18

proton-motive force

Back 18

the potentail energy stored in the form of an electochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of H ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis

Front 19

aerobic

Back 19

with air

Front 20

anaerobic

Back 20

without air

Front 21

alcohol fermentation

Back 21

The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.

Front 22

lactic acid fermentation

Back 22

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.

Front 23

facultative anaerobes

Back 23

An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions.

Front 24

beta oxidation

Back 24

A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments which enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA.

Front 25

autotroph

Back 25

An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.

Front 26

heterotroph

Back 26

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products

Front 27

chlorophyll

Back 27

A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants. Chlorophyll a can participate directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy

Front 28

mesophyll

Back 28

The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.

Front 29

stomata

Back 29

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange.

Front 30

chlorophyll a

Back 30

A type of blue-green photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions.

Front 31

chlorophyll b

Back 31

A type of yellow-green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.

Front 32

light reactions

Back 32

The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.

Front 33

Calvin cycle

Back 33

The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.

Front 34

NADP+

Back 34

An acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.

Front 35

photophosphorylation

Back 35

The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Front 36

carbon fixation

Back 36

The incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic bacterium).

Front 37

wavelength

Back 37

The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Front 38

electromagnetic spectrum

Back 38

The entire spectrum of radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer

Front 39

visible light

Back 39

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.

Front 40

photons

Back 40

A quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy.

Front 41

spectrophotometer

Back 41

An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution.

Front 42

absorption spectrum.

Back 42

The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.

Front 43

action spectrum

Back 43

A profile of the relative performance of different wavelengths of light.

Front 44

carotenoids

Back 44

An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis

Front 45

photosystems

Back 45

The light-harvesting unit in photosynthesis, located on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and consisting of the antenna complex, the reaction-center chlorophyll a, and the primary electron acceptor. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths.

Front 46

reaction center

Back 46

The chlorophyll a molecule and the primary electron acceptor in a photosystem; they trigger the light reactions of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll donates an electron, excited by light energy, to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.

Front 47

primary electron acceptor

Back 47

A specialized molecule sharing the reaction center with the chlorophyll a molecule; it accepts an electron from the chlorophyll a molecule.

Front 48

photosystem I

Back 48

One of two light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it uses the P700 reaction-center chlorophyll.

Front 49

photosystem II

Back 49

One of two light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it uses the P680 reaction-center chlorophyll.

Front 50

Noncyclic electron flow

Back 50

A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The net electron flow is from water to NADP+.

Front 51

cyclic electron flow

Back 51

A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen

Front 52

cyclic photophosphorylation

Back 52

The generation of ATP by cyclic electron flow

Front 53

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

Back 53

The carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin cycle

Front 54

rubisco.

Back 54

Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate).

Front 55

C3 plants

Back 55

A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.

Front 56

photorespiration

Back 56

A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide.

Front 57

C4 plants

Back 57

A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.

Front 58

Bundle-sheath cells

Back 58

A type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.

Front 59

mesophyll cells

Back 59

A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.

Front 60

PEP carboxylase

Back 60

PEP carboxylase An enzyme that adds carbon dioxide to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate

Front 61

CAM and CAM Plants
(crassulacean acid metabolism)

Back 61

A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.