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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Species richness
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the number of species that a community contains
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Relative abundance
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the number of animals within each species in a community
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Community
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a group of populations in the same habitat at the same time
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Individualistic hypothesis (Gleason)
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plants live where they do because of abiotic factors regardless of other plants
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Interactive hypothesis (Clements)
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a community is a group of linked species that work as a unit
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Rivet model
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similar to Clements' interactive plant theory, except for with animals. Species are closely linked
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Redundancy model
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most species aren’t closely linked, as suggested by Gleason for plants. One animal will take the niche of another if necessary.
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Intraspecific Interactions
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interactions between the species of a community
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Intraspecific Competition
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competition over resources (food, mates, territory)
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Competitive exclusion principle
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two species so similar that they complete for the same limiting resource cannot coexist in the same place
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Ecological niche
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sum total of a species use of biotic and abiotic resources (how an organism fits into it’s ecosystem)
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Resource Partitioning
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if two species have the same niche the less competitive one will either be driven from the area or will evolve through natural selection to use a different set of resources
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Character displacement
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the tendency for characteristic to be more divergent in sympatric population of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species. The evolution of one species so as to avoid competition between the two.
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Predation
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good for one bad for the other (includes herbivory and parasitism)
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Predator Adaptations
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acute sense to locate prey (claws, teeth, poison, speed)
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Plant Defenses
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chemical toxins, thorns (because a plant can’t run)
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Passive Defenses
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toxins hiding
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Active Defenses
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running, defending, warning calls
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Adaptive coloration (4)
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adaptive (camouflage, aposematic coloration) and mimicry (batesian and mullerian)
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Camouflage
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blending, color changing
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Aposempatic coloration
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bright colors to scare others
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Batesian mimicry
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a harmless species mimics a harmful one
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Mullerian mimicry
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some toxic animals have the same colors (like bees)
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Endoparasites
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live in host, deadly
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Ectoparasites
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feed on eternal surface (mosquito)
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Parasitoidism
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lay eggs on host
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Mutualism
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beneficial to both species. They often adapt together if suffer together.
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Commensalism
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beneficial to one and has no affect on the other
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Trophic structures
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feeding relationship between organisms
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Food chain
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transfer of food energy from its source in plants through herbivores to carnivores and eventually to decomposers, each link makes a trophic levels. Each food chain only has four of five links because of inefficient energy transfer. Recovery from disturbances may be harder at the top.
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Dominant Species
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highest abundance of biomass (control over other species’ distribution)
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Keynotes species
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exert control on the community by their niche rather than umber. May help to protect diversity or balance.
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Disturbances
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storms, fires, floods, drought, overgrazing, human activities. May upset community balance.
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Ecological succession
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how the composition of a community changes after a disturbance or on new land
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Primary succession
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beings in a virtually lifeless area without soil
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Secondary succession
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begins in an existing community that has been cleared by a disturbance that leaves soil
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Biodiversity
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how many species in a community
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Heterogeneity
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species richness, how many of different species in a community
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Species richness on islands
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depends on the size and distance from mainland
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Why do tropical habitats support more species than polar or temperate habitats? (5)
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1. longer growing season 2. tropical communities are generally older than polar ones 3. biological time is faster in tropics 4. fewer major disturbance sin tropics 5. Solar energy input is higher in tropics as is water availability
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