Ap Bio (Unit 5 Review - Biological Diversity

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Chordates characteristics

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notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharengeal slits, muscular postanal tail

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Vertebrate chordates characteristics

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neural crest, cephaliztion(forming of "brain"), vertebral column, closed circulatory system.

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Aganthans

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jawless fishes.
lamprey, hagfish.

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chondrichthyes

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cartilageous jawed fish such as sharks and rays. have jaws and pharyngeal gill slits. oviparous (eggs), ovoviviparous (eggs stay inside mother) or viviparous (young develop in uterus)

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osteichthyes

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boney fish with true bones and swim bladders.
Actinoperygii: ray finned fishes
Sarcopterygii: lobe-finned fishes.

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Amphibians

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vertebrets that lay eggs in water or moist environments. gas exchange through skin. complex mating behaviours.
(frogs, salamanders, newts)

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Reptiles

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vertebrets with amniotic eggs, dry scaley skin.
some viviparous but mostly lay eggs on land.
ectotherms: control body temp. by external means.
(turtles, snakes, crocodiles)

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Birds

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flying reptiles with feathers, amniotic eggs, and scales on legs. Endothermic heating. 4 chambered heart. internal fertalization and warm eggs.

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mammals

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hair (keratin), endthermic, 4 chambered heart, mammary glands (milk for offspring), teeth varie, diaphragm. Have large brains and include monotremes, marsupials, and placentals.

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4 stage origin of life hypothesis

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1. abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules.
2. monomers join to polymers.
3. self-replicating molecules (RNA, ribozmes)
4. packaged into probionts

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Whittaker 1969

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5 kingdoms arranged

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peptidoglycan

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prokaryotes have in plasma membrane and archaea don't.

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cocci

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bacteria spheres

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bacilli

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bacteria rods

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spirilla

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bacterial helices.

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gram stain

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positive: simple walls with lots of peptidoglycan and easy to kill.
negative: complex walls with less peptidoglycan but lipopolysaccharides.

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SSU-rRNA

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highly conserved sequances of RNA that are easy to trace evolutionarily.

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Archaea qualities

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extremophiles: live in extreme conditions.
methanogens: produce methane as product.
halophiles: live in high-salt environments.
therophiles: live in high-temperature environments.

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protists

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can be photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, or mixotrophs (both). most are motile and very diverse in size. reproduction can be asexual, sexual or syngamy. symbiosis and endomembranes allow for compartments and complexity.

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land plants cassification

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1. Apical meristems make new tissue.
2. multicellular, dependent embryos and placental transfer cells.
3. alteration of generations.
4. walled spores produced in sporangia.
5. multicellular gametangia.
usually. . . .
6. waxy cuticle.
7. xylem and phloem.
8. stomata.

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animals

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store carbohydrates as glycogen (liver)
no cell walls with junctions in cells: desmosomes, gap and tight.
Nervous and muscle tissue.
Usually sexual reproduction with flagellated sperm and nonmotile egg.

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Cambrian explosion

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diversified animal life.

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choanoflagellates

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free living or colonial flagellated unicellular forms of life. closest living relative to animals.

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ectoderm

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the embryonic tissue that later covers the outside of the body.

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mesoderm

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later forms the coelem and develops into cardiac, skeletal, and smooth (gut)muscles, organs, blood cells,

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endoderm

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third layer of embryonic development that forms the lungs, some of the liver, bladder, digestive tube, parts of the mouth, etc.

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diploblastic

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two primary germ layers in the ovum: endoderm and ectoderm

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triploblastic

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three layers in the ovum: ectoderm, endoderm and the mesoderm

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Acoelomate

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animals like flatworms with no body cavity at all.

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Pseudocoelomate

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animals like roundworms with a "false cavity" (a fully functioning body cavity with partial mesoderm lining and organs heald loosely and not well organized)

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Coelomate

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Animals with a fully funcioning, mesoderm-lined (called Peritoneum)body cavity with organized organs heald in fluid. includes most bilateral animals.

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Protosomes

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a superphylum of animals in which the blastopore becomes the mouth. also has spiral clevage.

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deuterosomes

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a superphylum of animals in which the primary embryonic opening (blastopore) becomes the anus. also has radial clevage.

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Porifera

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sponges with 2 germ layers.

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Cnidaria

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corals and jellyfish with 3 germ layers.

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ctenophora

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comb jellies

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Radiata

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other kinds of jellyfish.

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Acoelomates

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animals with no body cavity such as flatworms.

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Platyhelminthes

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flukes and tapeworms with 3 germ layers.

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Pseudocoelomates

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animals with a "false cavity" such as roundworms.

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Rotifera

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freshwater microscopic animals with anterior rotating cillia.

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Nematoda

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nematodes with bilateral symmetry and notochords.

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coelomates

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animals with a body cavity.

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nemertea

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ribbon worms; free living marine worms with unsegmented body covered in cillia. acoelmates.

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lophopores

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a feeding organ found in aquatic animals made up of a ring of cilliated tentacles surrounding a mouth.

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Mollusca

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Animals living in secreted shells such as snails and many marine animals.

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Annelida

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segmented worms such as earthworms and leeches.

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Arthropoda

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insects, crabs, and spiders, this is composed of animals with a head, thorax and abdomen, three or more pairs of segemented legs, and a chitinous exoskeleton.

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Echinodermata

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starfish, sea lillies, and sand dollars, these animals sometimes have external spines and usually have 5 parts around an axis.

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Chordata

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the phylum with few invertebrets and all vertebrets. have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, gill slits, and post-anal tail.

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gastrovascular cavity

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a single opening in some animals used for both the mouth and the anus.

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suspention feeders

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feed by food passing through an opening in the body, like sponges.

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benthic

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live on the bottom of the ocean.

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ventral mouths

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mouths found on the bottom of the creature.

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viviparous

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young develop in uterus

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oviparous

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lay eggs.

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ovoviviparous

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eggs stay inside mother until hatching.

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calcium carbonate skeleton

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a characterisic of vertebrets.

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amniotic egg

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major evolutionary adaptation for viviparous animals.

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allantois

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excratory, respatory part of an amniotic egg.

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amnion

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protection layer of amniotic egg.

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chorion

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gas exchange part of an amniotic egg.

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yolk sac

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food part of amniotic egg.

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motoremes

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mammals that lay eggs.

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marsupials

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mammals that finish embryotic development after birth connected to the mother in a pouch.

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eutharians

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placental mammals. embryo remains attached to placenta untill fully formed. greater parental care.

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Miller

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synthesized ammino acids

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penecillin

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stops creation of cell walls of bacteria.

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charophycea

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branch of Green algae without alteration of generations.

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phragmoplasts

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the scaffolding to cell plate formation (cell wall in cytokinesis)

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sporopollenin

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make up the strong walls of spore/pollen.

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archegonia

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contain sporophyte embryoes.

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sporophyte

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diploid part of alteration of generations

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gametophyte

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haploid part of alteration of generations.

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bryophytes

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mosses without vascular tissue, roots, seeds, pollen, flowers, and fruit with the haploid gametophyte dominant. they have flagellated sperm.

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lycophytes

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the club mosses with vascular tissue, rhizomes, flagellated sperm, and sporophyte dominant.

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pterophytes

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ferns with roots, rhizomes, flagellated sperm, and sporophyte dominant.

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gymnosperms

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plants with roots, vascular tissues, pollen, seeds, and sprorophyte dominant.

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angiosperms

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flowering plants with vascular tisue, roots, pollen, seeds, flower, and fruit and sporophyte dominant.

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charophyceans

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green algea.
(flagellated sperm)

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eutharian

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placental

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schizocoelons

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solid mesoderm that splits to form coelom. protostomes.

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eterocoelons

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folds of archentron form coelon. deturestomes.

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archentron

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pre-gut tissue cells.

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coelom

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lined body cavity that keeps organs in place.

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triploblastic

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3 layers of tissue (needs to be for aceolmates)

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blastopore

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first pore of zygote forming 2 layers.

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gastrula

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second inner layer of zygote that will form gut.

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epiphyte

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plants that grow on other plants. (parasitic or symbiotic)