Ap Bio Unit 1 Vocab

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Scientific law

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Staments based on repeated experiments or observations that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena.

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Scientific theory

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Throught-out explanation for observations of the natural world that has been constructed using the scientific method.

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Scientific method

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The process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation.

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Hypothesis

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Proposed explanation for a phenomenon that you can test.

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Quantitative data

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Research strategy focusing on quantifying the collection and analysis.

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Qualitative data

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Research type for gathering and analysing non-numerical data

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Independent variable

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A variation does not depend on that of another.

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Dependent variable

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A variable that depends on other factors

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Scientific model

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A physical, mathmatical or conceptual representation of a system of ideas

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Homeostasis

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A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.

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Metabolism

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The chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism.

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Cell theory

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All biological organisms are composed of cells.

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Biochemical compound

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Compounds found in living things are biochemical compounds

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Polymer

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Natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules which are made of monomers

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Monomer

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A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

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Carbohydrate

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Sugar molecules, proteins and fats that break down into glucose

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Monosaccharide

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Sugar not decomposable to simple sugar by hydrolysis

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Lipid

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Fatty, waxy or oily compounds-triglycerides

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Fatty acid

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Carboxylie acid with an aliphatic chain (saturated or unsaturated) - unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms.

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Proteins

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A molecule made pf amino acids, needed for the body to function properly, basis of enzymes, cytokines and antibodies.

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Amino acids

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Combine to make proteins, when proteins break down they're left

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Nucleic acid

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Natural chemical compound that are info carrying molecules in cells.(DNA, RNA)

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Nucleotide

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Molecules with a Nitrogen containing base, a phosphate group and a sugar

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Polarity

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When an entity has 2 distinct and opposite poles that can either attract or repel each other.

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Plasma membrane

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The membrane that seperates the interior of the cell from the outside environment in all cells.

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Cytoplasm

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The fluid inside a cell but outside the nucleus

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Ribosome

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A structure found inside cells that is involved in making proteins,

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DNA

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The molecules inside the cells that contain the genetic info responsible for the develoopement and function of an organism

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Prokaryotic cell

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Organisms who lack a nucleus and other organelles

2 types: Bacteria, archaea

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Eukaryotic cell

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Any cell or organism that has a clearly defined nucleuse

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Organelle

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A small structure in a cell that is surrounded by a memebrane and was a specific fun

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Phospholipid Bilayer

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A type of lipid molecule that is the main component of the cell membrane.

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Hydrophilic

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Materials that have a tendency to mix with, dissolve in or be wetted by water.

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Hydrophobic

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Something that repels or fail to mix with water.

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Nucleus

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The structure in the cell that contains the chromosommes (the brain)

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Mitochondria

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A small structure in a cell found in the cytoplasm - makes energy.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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A network of sac-like structures and tubes in the cytoplasm of the cell.

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Golgi apparatus

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A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes inside the cells cytoplasm.

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Vesicle

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A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid. Vesicles inside cells move substances into or out of the cell.

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Passive transport

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Passive transport is the fundamental movement of ions and other molecular substances within the cells along the concentration gradient, without any external energy. It

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Active transport

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Active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.

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Diffusion

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the movement of individual molecules of a substance through a semipermeable barrier from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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Osmosis

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the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell's partially permeable membrane.

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Facilitated diffusion

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the passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient. It is a selective process, i.e., the membrane allows only selective molecules and ions to pass through it. It, however, prevents other molecules from passing through the membrane.

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Channel proteins

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a type of transport protein, acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly

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Carrier proteins

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binds specific solutes and transfer them across the lipid bilayer by undergoing conformational changes that expose the solute-binding site sequentially on one side of the membrane and then on the other.

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Sodium-potassium pump

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also known as the Na+/K+ pump or Na+/K+-ATPase, this is a protein pump found in the cell membrane of neurons (and other animal cells).

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Endocytosis

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a process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane. Endocytosis is usually subdivided into pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

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Excocytosis

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the transport and fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane and the extracellular space.

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Pinocytosis

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an active, energy consuming process where extracellular fluid and solutes are taken up into a cell via small vesicles. It is a type of endocytosis,

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Phagocytosis

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The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells. A cell taking in a large object that it will eventually digest. The classic example is an amoeba eating a bacterium

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Autotroph

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an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals. Because autotrophs produce their own food, they are sometimes called producers.Nov

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Heterotroph

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an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients.

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Photosynthesis

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the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

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Cellular respiration

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A series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP, which may be used as energy to power many reactions throughout the body. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O.

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Glucose

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the main sugar found in your blood. It comes from the food you eat, and is your body's main source of energy. Your blood carries glucose to all of your body's cells to use for energy

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ATP

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Adenosine 5′-triphosphate, abbreviated ATP and usually expressed without the 5′-, is an important “energy molecule” found in all life forms. Specifically, it is a coenzyme that works with enzymes such as ATP triphosphatase to transfer energy to cells by releasing its phosphate groups

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aerobic respiration

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A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also called aerobic metabolism, cell respiration, and oxidative metabolism.

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Glycolysis

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the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen. It occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms.

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Kreb’s cycle

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a chain of reactions occurring in the mitochondria, through which almost all living cells produce energy in aerobic respiration. It uses oxygen and gives out water and carbon dioxide as products.

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electron transport chain

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a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation.

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Tissue

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A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function

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Organ

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A part of the body that performs a specific function. For example, the heart is an organ.

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Ventral cavity

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The ventral body cavity is a human body cavity that is in the anterior (front) aspect of the human body. It is made up of the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity

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Dorsal cavity

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The dorsal cavity is a continuous cavity located on the dorsal side of the body. It houses the organs of the upper central nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord.

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negative feedback mechanism

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often known as negative feedback homeostasis, is a pathway that is triggered by a deviation in output and produces changes in output in the opposite direction of the initial deviation.

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Positive feedback mechanism

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control self-perpetuating events that can be out of control and do not require continuous adjustment. In positive feedback mechanisms, the original stimulus is promoted rather than negated.