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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
linnaeus
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developed binomial classification based on body structure (morphology)
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lamarck
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said species could "will" themselves to change (w/ epigenetic advancements, this theory has become more plausible)
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darwin
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the mechanism for specie change is called natural selection (natural selection drives evolution)
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mendel
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genetics now used as another way to look at evolution
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natural selection
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there are more individuals produced than an environment can support, which leads to competition for resources/reproduction
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artificial selection
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breeding animals or plants to have desired traits (ie labradoodle=hypoallergenic dog)
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vestigial structures
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structures that had a function at one time, yet no longer need it, exist because there is no strong selective pressure against it (can show common ancestry too)
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analogous strucutres
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structures that perform similar functions, but are structurally very different (birds wings vs. butterfly wings)
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convergent evolution
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causes analogous structures, similar selection pressures cause similar structures to evolve
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homologous strucutres
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similar physical structure, but very different functions
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divergent evolution
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causes homologous structures, similar structures evolve to have different functions (whale flipper vs. human hand)
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bottleneck effect
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drastic reduction in population from an earthquake/natural disaster shifts available gene pool
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phenotypic polymorphism
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certain factors make phenotypes NOT COMPLETELY INHERITABLE (ie skin color from sun exposure, body type from diet)
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fitness
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the contribution an organism makes to the gene pool (having kids)
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stabilizing selection
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a middle trait is selected for
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disruptive selection
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two extremes are selected for (ie dark and light, but no gray)
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directional selection
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one extreme phenotype is selected for
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reduced hybrid viability
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genes from different species cannot produce offspring
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reduced hybrid fertility
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when two different species produce a sterile offspring
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hybrid breakdown
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when 2nd generation (offspring of hybrid) is sterile/extremely frail
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habitat isolation
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when two species live in different locations
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temporal isolation
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one organism mates in spring, the other in fall, isolation in terms of looking for a mate
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behavioral isolation
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if organism doesn't exhibit proper behavior, it will be ignored as a viable mate, and there will be no attempts made to mate with the different organism
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mechanical isolation
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it is physically impossible to mate (butterfly and rotweiler)
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gametic isolation
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mating is physically possible, but the 2 gametes will never come together
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ancestry of eukaryote cells
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1. earliest ancestors
2. eukaryotic cells (mix of bact. &arch.) 3. endosymbiosis happens in mitochondria 4. endosymbiosis happens in chloroplast |
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endiosymbiont hypothesis
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self replicating orgnanelles (chloroplast/mitchondria) evolved from mutualistic cell colonies
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traits of prokaryotes
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no nucleus, no cytoskeleton, no membrane bound organelles
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ancestry of eukaryote cells
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1. earliest ancestors
2. eukaryotic cells (mix of bact. &arch.) 3. endosymbiosis happens in mitochondria 4. endosymbiosis happens in chloroplast |
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eukaryotes
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uni/multicellular, has a nucleus, cytoskeleton and organalles are present
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bacteria
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unicellular prokaryotes, live in moderate environments
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endiosymbiont hypothesis
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self replicating orgnanelles (chloroplast/mitchondria) evolved from mutualistic cell colonies
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traits of prokaryotes
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no nucleus, no cytoskeleton, no membrane bound organelles
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eukaryotes
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uni/multicellular, has a nucleus, cytoskeleton and organalles are present
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bacteria
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unicellular prokaryotes, live in moderate environments
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archaea
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unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments (heat cold etc)
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monera
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prokaryotic bacteria, unicellular, most have cell wall, can be photosynthetic (but don't have chloroplast)
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protista
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mostly unicellular, colonial, can move, some have cell wss, can be photosynthetic
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plantae
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multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs that can't move, have cellulose as cel wall
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fungi
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mulit/uni cellular eukaryotes, can't move, all heterotrophs (no photosynthesis), have cell wall made of chitin
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animalia
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multicellular heterotrophs, eukaryotes, most are motile, have no cell wall.
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opann-haldane
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hypothesized early earth came about b/c amino acids/fatty acids were produced from the gasses in the air
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miller-urey
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tested o-h's hypothesis, it was quickly proven correct
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pre zygotic barriers
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prevents fertilization of egg
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post zygotic barriers
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prevents egg from being fertile or viable
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epistasis
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when one gene prevents the expression of another
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pleitropy
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when one gene affects many phenotypic traits
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