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47 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
linnaeus
developed binomial classification based on body structure (morphology)
lamarck
said species could "will" themselves to change (w/ epigenetic advancements, this theory has become more plausible)
darwin
the mechanism for specie change is called natural selection (natural selection drives evolution)
mendel
genetics now used as another way to look at evolution
natural selection
there are more individuals produced than an environment can support, which leads to competition for resources/reproduction
artificial selection
breeding animals or plants to have desired traits (ie labradoodle=hypoallergenic dog)
vestigial structures
structures that had a function at one time, yet no longer need it, exist because there is no strong selective pressure against it (can show common ancestry too)
analogous strucutres
structures that perform similar functions, but are structurally very different (birds wings vs. butterfly wings)
convergent evolution
causes analogous structures, similar selection pressures cause similar structures to evolve
homologous strucutres
similar physical structure, but very different functions
divergent evolution
causes homologous structures, similar structures evolve to have different functions (whale flipper vs. human hand)
bottleneck effect
drastic reduction in population from an earthquake/natural disaster shifts available gene pool
phenotypic polymorphism
certain factors make phenotypes NOT COMPLETELY INHERITABLE (ie skin color from sun exposure, body type from diet)
fitness
the contribution an organism makes to the gene pool (having kids)
stabilizing selection
a middle trait is selected for
disruptive selection
two extremes are selected for (ie dark and light, but no gray)
directional selection
one extreme phenotype is selected for
reduced hybrid viability
genes from different species cannot produce offspring
reduced hybrid fertility
when two different species produce a sterile offspring
hybrid breakdown
when 2nd generation (offspring of hybrid) is sterile/extremely frail
habitat isolation
when two species live in different locations
temporal isolation
one organism mates in spring, the other in fall, isolation in terms of looking for a mate
behavioral isolation
if organism doesn't exhibit proper behavior, it will be ignored as a viable mate, and there will be no attempts made to mate with the different organism
mechanical isolation
it is physically impossible to mate (butterfly and rotweiler)
gametic isolation
mating is physically possible, but the 2 gametes will never come together
ancestry of eukaryote cells
1. earliest ancestors
2. eukaryotic cells (mix of bact. &arch.)
3. endosymbiosis happens in mitochondria
4. endosymbiosis happens in chloroplast
endiosymbiont hypothesis
self replicating orgnanelles (chloroplast/mitchondria) evolved from mutualistic cell colonies
traits of prokaryotes
no nucleus, no cytoskeleton, no membrane bound organelles
ancestry of eukaryote cells
1. earliest ancestors
2. eukaryotic cells (mix of bact. &arch.)
3. endosymbiosis happens in mitochondria
4. endosymbiosis happens in chloroplast
eukaryotes
uni/multicellular, has a nucleus, cytoskeleton and organalles are present
bacteria
unicellular prokaryotes, live in moderate environments
endiosymbiont hypothesis
self replicating orgnanelles (chloroplast/mitchondria) evolved from mutualistic cell colonies
traits of prokaryotes
no nucleus, no cytoskeleton, no membrane bound organelles
eukaryotes
uni/multicellular, has a nucleus, cytoskeleton and organalles are present
bacteria
unicellular prokaryotes, live in moderate environments
archaea
unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments (heat cold etc)
monera
prokaryotic bacteria, unicellular, most have cell wall, can be photosynthetic (but don't have chloroplast)
protista
mostly unicellular, colonial, can move, some have cell wss, can be photosynthetic
plantae
multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs that can't move, have cellulose as cel wall
fungi
mulit/uni cellular eukaryotes, can't move, all heterotrophs (no photosynthesis), have cell wall made of chitin
animalia
multicellular heterotrophs, eukaryotes, most are motile, have no cell wall.
opann-haldane
hypothesized early earth came about b/c amino acids/fatty acids were produced from the gasses in the air
miller-urey
tested o-h's hypothesis, it was quickly proven correct
pre zygotic barriers
prevents fertilization of egg
post zygotic barriers
prevents egg from being fertile or viable
epistasis
when one gene prevents the expression of another
pleitropy
when one gene affects many phenotypic traits