Ap Bio Midterm Vocab

Front 1

allometric growth

Back 1

the variation in the relative rates of growth of varous parts of the body, which helps shape the organism

Front 2

shared derived character

Back 2

an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

Front 3

phylogenetic tree

Back 3

a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

Front 4

magnetic reversal

Back 4

reversal of the polarity of Earths magnetic field

Front 5

balancing polymorphim

Back 5

natural selection that maintains stable frequencies of 2 or more phenotypic forms in a population

Front 6

paralogous genes

Back 6

homologous genes that are found in teh smae genome due to gene duplication

Front 7

molecular systematic

Back 7

the comparison of nucleir acids or other molecules in diffrent species to infer relatedness

Front 8

fossil

Back 8

a preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past

Front 9

speciation

Back 9

the orginin of new species in evolution

Front 10

heterochrony

Back 10

evolutionary change in the timing or rate of an organisms development

Front 11

morphospecies

Back 11

a species defined by its anatomical features

Front 12

neutral theory

Back 12

the hypothesis that much evoltuionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian natural selection

Front 13

cladistics

Back 13

the analysis of the resemblances among clades, or groups of species that share a common ancester

Front 14

heterozygote advantage

Back 14

greater reproductive sucess of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.

Front 15

gene pool

Back 15

the total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time

Front 16

prezygotic barrier

Back 16

a reproductive barrier that impedes mating btwn species or hinders fertilization of ova if interspecific mating is attempted

Front 17

allopatric speciation

Back 17

a mode of speciaton induced when an ancestral populatin becomes segregated by a geogrpahic barrier or is itself divided into 2 or more geographically isolated subpopulations

Front 18

homology

Back 18

similarityin characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry

Front 19

mutation

Back 19

a rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creatin genetic diversity

Front 20

Hardy- weinberg theorem

Back 20

the principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes ina population remains constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segreation and recombination of alleles are at work

Front 21

Catastrophism

Back 21

the hypothesis by cuvier that each boundary btwn strata coresponded in time to a catastrophe, such as flood or drought, that destroyed many of the species living there at that time

Front 22

order

Back 22

above family

Front 23

binomial

Back 23

2 names a genus and specific epithet

Front 24

intrasexual selection

Back 24

a direct competition among indvivduals of 1 sex 4 males or females

Front 25

biological species concept

Back 25

definition of a species as a population or group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offsping, but are not able to produce viable, fertile offspring w/ members of other population

Front 26

population gentics

Back 26

study of how populations change genetically over time

Front 27

population

Back 27

localized group of individuals that belong to the smae biological species (are capable of interbreeding and producing fetile offspring)

Front 28

frequency dependent selection

Back 28

a decline in the reproductive success of a morph resulting from the morphs phenotype becoming 2 common in a popu, a cause of balanced polymorhism in populations

Front 29

species

Back 29

group whose members possess similar antaomical chracteristics and have teh ability to interbreed

Front 30

balanced polymorphism

Back 30

the ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a popu

Front 31

prezygotic barrier

Back 31

a reproductive barrier that impedes mating btwn species or hinders fertilization of ova if interspecific mating is attempted

Front 32

allopatric speciation

Back 32

a mode of speciaton induced when an ancestral populatin becomes segregated by a geogrpahic barrier or is itself divided into 2 or more geographically isolated subpopulations

Front 33

homology

Back 33

similarityin characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry

Front 34

mutation

Back 34

a rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creatin genetic diversity

Front 35

Hardy- weinberg theorem

Back 35

the principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes ina population remains constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segreation and recombination of alleles are at work

Front 36

Catastrophism

Back 36

the hypothesis by cuvier that each boundary btwn strata coresponded in time to a catastrophe, such as flood or drought, that destroyed many of the species living there at that time

Front 37

order

Back 37

above family

Front 38

binomial

Back 38

2 names a genus and specific epithet

Front 39

intrasexual selection

Back 39

a direct competition among indvivduals of 1 sex 4 males or females

Front 40

biological species concept

Back 40

definition of a species as a population or group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offsping, but are not able to produce viable, fertile offspring w/ members of other population

Front 41

population gentics

Back 41

study of how populations change genetically over time

Front 42

population

Back 42

localized group of individuals that belong to the smae biological species (are capable of interbreeding and producing fetile offspring)

Front 43

frequency dependent selection

Back 43

a decline in the reproductive success of a morph resulting from the morphs phenotype becoming 2 common in a popu, a cause of balanced polymorhism in populations

Front 44

species

Back 44

group whose members possess similar antaomical chracteristics and have teh ability to interbreed

Front 45

balanced polymorphism

Back 45

the ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a popu

Front 46

colony

Back 46

a collection of autonomously replicating cells of teh same species

Front 47

vestigial organ

Back 47

organs that use to b important but are not no more

Front 48

avg heterozygosity

Back 48

the %, on avg of a popu loci that are hetrozygous in members of the popu

Front 49

homoplasy

Back 49

similiar structure or molecular sequence dat has evolved independently in 2 species

Front 50

polymorhism

Back 50

the coevistence of two or more distinc eforms in teh same population

Front 51

natural selectin

Back 51

best fit survives

Front 52

stromatolite

Back 52

a fossilized baterial mat

Front 53

genus

Back 53

above species

Front 54

analogy

Back 54

similarity btwn 2 species that is due to convergent evolution rather tahn 2 descent form a common ancestor w/ same trait

Front 55

domain

Back 55

above kingdom,
3 domains Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya
indpendently folding part of a protein

Front 56

autopolyploid

Back 56

an indvidual taht has more than 2 chromosome sets, all derived from a single species

Front 57

phylum

Back 57

above class

Front 58

punctuated equilibrium

Back 58

in evolutionary theroy, long period of apparent no change interrputed by relatively breif period of sudden change

Front 59

paedomorhosis

Back 59

the retention in an adutl organism of the juvenile feature of its evolutionary ancestors

Front 60

orthologous genes

Back 60

homologous genes that are passed in stright line from one generation to the text, but have ended up in diffrent gene poools becuase of speciation

Front 61

colony

Back 61

a collection of autonomously replicating cells of teh same species

Front 62

vestigial organ

Back 62

organs that use to b important but are not no more

Front 63

avg heterozygosity

Back 63

the %, on avg of a popu loci that are hetrozygous in members of the popu

Front 64

homoplasy

Back 64

similiar structure or molecular sequence dat has evolved independently in 2 species

Front 65

polymorhism

Back 65

the coevistence of two or more distinc eforms in teh same population

Front 66

natural selectin

Back 66

best fit survives

Front 67

stromatolite

Back 67

a fossilized baterial mat

Front 68

genus

Back 68

above species

Front 69

analogy

Back 69

similarity btwn 2 species that is due to convergent evolution rather tahn 2 descent form a common ancestor w/ same trait

Front 70

domain

Back 70

above kingdom,
3 domains Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya
indpendently folding part of a protein

Front 71

autopolyploid

Back 71

an indvidual taht has more than 2 chromosome sets, all derived from a single species

Front 72

phylum

Back 72

above class

Front 73

punctuated equilibrium

Back 73

in evolutionary theroy, long period of apparent no change interrputed by relatively breif period of sudden change

Front 74

paedomorhosis

Back 74

the retention in an adutl organism of the juvenile feature of its evolutionary ancestors

Front 75

orthologous genes

Back 75

homologous genes that are passed in stright line from one generation to the text, but have ended up in diffrent gene poools becuase of speciation

Front 76

colony

Back 76

a collection of autonomously replicating cells of teh same species

Front 77

vestigial organ

Back 77

organs that use to b important but are not no more

Front 78

avg heterozygosity

Back 78

the %, on avg of a popu loci that are hetrozygous in members of the popu

Front 79

homoplasy

Back 79

similiar structure or molecular sequence dat has evolved independently in 2 species

Front 80

polymorhism

Back 80

the coevistence of two or more distinc eforms in teh same population

Front 81

natural selectin

Back 81

best fit survives

Front 82

stromatolite

Back 82

a fossilized baterial mat

Front 83

genus

Back 83

above species

Front 84

analogy

Back 84

similarity btwn 2 species that is due to convergent evolution rather tahn 2 descent form a common ancestor w/ same trait

Front 85

domain

Back 85

above kingdom,
3 domains Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya
indpendently folding part of a protein

Front 86

autopolyploid

Back 86

an indvidual taht has more than 2 chromosome sets, all derived from a single species

Front 87

phylum

Back 87

above class

Front 88

punctuated equilibrium

Back 88

in evolutionary theroy, long period of apparent no change interrputed by relatively breif period of sudden change

Front 89

paedomorhosis

Back 89

the retention in an adutl organism of the juvenile feature of its evolutionary ancestors

Front 90

orthologous genes

Back 90

homologous genes that are passed in stright line from one generation to the text, but have ended up in diffrent gene poools becuase of speciation

Front 91

homology

Back 91

smiliratity in chractristics resulting form a shared ancestry

Front 92

phylogeny

Back 92

the evolutionary history of a psecies or group of related species

Front 93

serial endosymbiosis

Back 93

modleof the orgin of eukaryotes thhat they were party of small prokaryotes that lived in large cells

Front 94

ultrametric tree

Back 94

a phylogentic tree in which the lengths of teh brances reflect measurement of geologic time

Front 95

ribozyme

Back 95

an enzymatic rna molecule that catalyzes reaction during RNA splicing

Front 96

disruptive selection

Back 96

natural selection taht favors individual on both extremes of a phenotypic range over intermediate phenotypes

Front 97

evolutionary adaptaion

Back 97

an accumulaton of inherited chracteristic that enchance organism ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments

Front 98

phenotypic polymorphism

Back 98

the exisence of 2 or more distinct morphs (discrete forms,) each represented in a population in high enough frequencies 2 be readily noticeable

Front 99

class

Back 99

above order

Front 100

sympatric speciation

Back 100

a mode of speciation occuring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subopulation reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population

Front 101

phylogram

Back 101

a tree that the length reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or RNA sequence in the various lineages

Front 102

graduaism

Back 102

a view of earths history that attributes profound change to the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes

Front 103

genetic polymorphism

Back 103

the existence of 2 or more distinct alleles at a given locus in a popu gene pool

Front 104

uniformitarinism

Back 104

lyells idea that geologic processes have not changed thoughout earths' history

Front 105

genetic annealing

Back 105

making new genome by transfer of part of the genome of 1 organism to antoher

Front 106

cline g

Back 106

graded variation in a trait that parallels a gradient in the environment

Front 107

postzygotic barrier

Back 107

any of several species-isolating mechanism that prevent hybrids produced by 2 diffrent species from developing into viable, fertile adults

Front 108

directional selectin

Back 108

natural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range

Front 109

ecological species concept

Back 109

defining species in terms of ecological roles (niches)

Front 110

phylogenetic species concept

Back 110

defintion of a species as set of organism with unize genetic history that is, as one branch on the tree of life

Front 111

polypolidy

Back 111

a chromosomal alteration in which teh organism possesses more than 2 complete chromosome sets

Front 112

genetic flow

Back 112

unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from 1 generation to the next because of a population finite size

Front 113

stabilizing selection

Back 113

natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

Front 114

allopolyploid

Back 114

a common type of polyploid species resulting from 2 different species interbreeding and combining thier chromosomes