Ap Bio Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration And Fermentation Worksheet

Front 1

Difference between fermentation and cellular respiration

Back 1

Fermentation doesn't require oxygen, but cellular respiration does

Front 2

The formula (with names) for the catabolic degradation of glucose by cellular respiration

Back 2

Organic Compounds + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Front 3

Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis are redox reactions. In redox reactions, pay attention to the flow of electrons. What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?

Back 3

Oxidation: loss of electrons

Reduction: addition of electrons

Front 4

The following is a generalized formula for a redox reaction:

Back 4

Xe- + Y --> X + Ye-

Front 5

In the generalized formula, ___ is the reducing agent & __ is the oxidizing agent

Back 5

reducing agent: Xe-

oxidizing agent: Y

Front 6

when compounds lose electrons, they ___ energy

Back 6

lose

Front 7

when compounds gain electrons, they ___ energy

Back 7

gain

Front 8

In cellular respiration, electrons are not transferred directly from glucose to oxygen. Following the movement of hydrogens allows you to follow the flow of electrons. What electron carrier is hydrogen transferred to first?

Back 8

NAD+

Front 9

NAD+ is a coenzyme. What are coenzymes?

Back 9

An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions.

Front 10

Describe what happens when NAD+ is reduced. What enzyme is involved?

Back 10

The enzymatic transfer of 2 electrons and 1 proton (H+) from an organic molecule in food to NAD+ reduces the NAD+ to NADH; the second proton (H+) is released. The enzyme involved is dehydrogenase.

Front 11

NAD+ : Oxidized or Reduced? Higher Energy/Lower Energy?

Back 11

Oxidized; lower

Front 12

NADH : Oxidized or Reduced? Higher Energy/Lower Energy?

Back 12

Reduced; higher

Front 13

What is the function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

Back 13

It shuttles electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

Front 14

Electron transport involves a series of electron carriers. Where are these found in eukaryotic cells?

Back 14

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

Front 15

Electron transport involves a series of electron carriers. Where are these found in prokaryotic cells?

Back 15

plasma membrane

Front 16

What strongly electronegative atom, pulling electrons down the electron transport chain, is the final electron acceptor?

Back 16

oxygen

Front 17

Three types of phosphorylation (adding a phosphate) are covered in the text, and two of these occur in cellular respiration. Explain how the electron transport chain is utilized in oxidative phosphorylation.

Back 17

This mode of ATP synthesis is powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain.

Front 18

The second form of phosphorylation is ____

Back 18

substrate level

Front 19

What is the meaning of glycolysis? What occurs in this step of cellular respiration?

Back 19

Glycolysis means "sugar splitting"; In this step, glucose (containing 6 carbons) is split into 2 pyruvates (3 carbons)

Front 20

The net energy yield from glycolysis, per glucose molecules, is..

Back 20

2 ATP plus 2 NADH

Front 21

Glycolysis occurs in the ___ of the cell. Is oxygen required?

Back 21

cytosol; no

Front 22

To enter the citric acid cycle, pyruvate must..

Back 22

enter the mitochondria by active transport

Front 23

in the citric acid cycle, How many NADHs are formed?

Back 23

3

Front 24

in the citric acid cycle, How many total carbons are lost as pyruvate is oxidized?

Back 24

2

Front 25

in the citric acid cycle, The carbons have been lost in the molecule ________

Back 25

carbon dioxide

Front 26

in the citric acid cycle, How many FADH2 have been formed?

Back 26

1

Front 27

in the citric acid cycle, How many ATPs are formed?

Back 27

2

Front 28

How many times does the citric acid cycle occur for each molecule of glucose?

Back 28

2

Front 29

The step that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA at the top of the diagram occurs twice per glucose. This oxidation of pyruvate accounts for two additional reduced ___ molecules and two molecules of C02.

Back 29

NADH

Front 30

Explain what has happened to each of the six carbons found in the original glucose molecule.

Back 30

glucose --> pyruvate --> acetyl CoA --> CO2

Front 31

Oxidative phosphorylation involves two components..

Back 31

the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis.

Front 32

Each member of the electron transport chain is lower in free _______than the preceding member of the chain, but higher in ____________.

Back 32

energy; electronegativity

Front 33

The molecule at zero free energy, which is _________, is lowest of all the molecules in free energy and highest in electronegativity.

Back 33

O2

Front 34

Why is oxygen the ultimate electron acceptor?

Back 34

It is so electronegative.

Front 35

Oxygen stabilizes the electrons by combining with two hydrogen ions to form what compound?

Back 35

H20

Front 36

The two electron carrier molecules that feed electrons into the electron transport system are..

Back 36

FADH2 and NADH

Front 37

Explain how ATP synthase uses the flow of hydrogen ions to produce ATP.

Back 37

It acts as a rotor which allows for the production of ATP from ADP + P by activating catalytic sites in the knob

Front 38

What does the proton-motive force do in oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 38

It drives H+ ions back across the membrane through ATP synthase

Front 39

What occurs in chemiosmosis?

Back 39

Energy stored in the form of H+ gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work (such as the synthesis of ATP)

Front 40

Why is the total count about 36 or 38 ATP molecules rather than a specific number?

Back 40

The number varies depending on what shuttle transports electrons from NADH in the cytosol

Front 41

Fermentation allows for the production of ATP without using either ______or any ____________________

Back 41

oxygen; electron transport chain

Front 42

*from BIO 201 notes* what happens in alcohol fermentation?

Back 42

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps, one of which releases CO2

Front 43

what happens during lactic acid fermentation?

Back 43

pyruvate is reduced directly to NADH to form lactate

Front 44

phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes an important step in glycolysis. Explain how this step is a control point in cellular respiration.

Back 44

Can speed up or slow down catabolic processes