Ap Bio (Chapter 12 - Cell Cycle)

Front 1

cell cycle

Back 1

life of a cell from division to its own division.

Front 2

genome

Back 2

a cell's DNA.
prokaryotic = 1 long one.
eukaryotic = multiple

Front 3

chromosomes

Back 3

genomes are packed into this. made up of chromatids.

Front 4

stomatic cells

Back 4

all cells except reproductive. 46 chromosomes.

Front 5

gametes

Back 5

reproductive cells with 23 chromosomes.

Front 6

chromatin

Back 6

make up chromosomes. protine + DNA

Front 7

Sister Chromatids

Back 7

two duplicated chromosmes attached by a centromere.

Front 8

centromere

Back 8

middle of sister chromatids.

Front 9

centrosome/centriole

Back 9

area/organelle that is where the microtubules for mitosis are assembled and used. (the organelle is found only in animal cells)

Front 10

mitosis

Back 10

division of nucleus

Front 11

cytokinesis

Back 11

division of the cytoplasm.

Front 12

zygote

Back 12

fertilized egg.

Front 13

meiosis

Back 13

re/generation of reproductive cells.

Front 14

Mitoic phase

Back 14

mitosis and cytokinesis (shortest part of cell cycle)

Front 15

Interphase

Back 15

90 percent of the cell cycle making up the rest of the life of a cell when it is not actively divisding.

Front 16

G1 phase

Back 16

the phase where the cell is growing and synthesizing organelles.

Front 17

Synthesis

Back 17

the phase when the cell is synthesizing and replicating DNA. quick phase

Front 18

G2 phase

Back 18

the phase wehre the cell is getting ready to divide and replicate by synthesizing doubles of all the organelles, etc.

Front 19

Mitoic Spindle

Back 19

the mircrotubules fibers that are where the chromosomes organize and line up.

Front 20

prophase

Back 20

when the chromatin condense and nucleoli disappear. sister chromatids form and the early mitoic spindle begins to form from the centrosomes.

Front 21

Prometaphase

Back 21

nuclear envelope fragments
microtubules invade nuclear area and attach to centromeres.

Front 22

Metaphase

Back 22

longest phase
centrosomes line up allong metaphase plate (or equator of the cell) and the spindle fully forms.
all chromosomes attached to kinetchore.

Front 23

Anaphase

Back 23

shortest stage when the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening microtubules
go toward opposite ends of the cells.

Front 24

Telophase

Back 24

2 nuclei begin to form.
nuclear envelope fragmemts fugse and form new envelopes.
chromosomes lengthen and begin to dissasemble.

Front 25

Cytokinesis

Back 25

Clevag furrow forms and cell pinches in 2.

Front 26

Aster

Back 26

array of short microtubules extending from each centrosome.

Front 27

Kinetchore

Back 27

each of the 2 sister chromatids have one. protein structure with specific section of DNA at centromere. they are what pulls on the microtubules to go toward opposite ends of the cell.

Front 28

Metaphase plate

Back 28

imaginary line like an equator at the middle of the cell where the chromosomes line up in Metaphase and the Clevage furrow forms in cytokinesis.

Front 29

Clevage

Back 29

process of cytokinesis

Front 30

Clevage Furrow

Back 30

groove on cell surface near old metaphase plate.

Front 31

Binary Fusion

Back 31

division of prokaryotic cells. origin of replication ends up on two sides of cell and then the cell splits, leaving two cells with the same ammount of DNA.

Front 32

G0 phase

Back 32

nondividing stage where a cell never divides.

Front 33

replication

Back 33

DNA copying itself

Front 34

Chromatin

Back 34

DNA with histone proteins.
messy spaghetti bowls.

Front 35

Chromosme

Back 35

folded, neat chromatin with centromeres.

Front 36

tubulin

Back 36

make up microtubules of mitotic spindle.

Front 37

cell plate

Back 37

in plant cells vesticles and tubulin get reused to fuse and form a new cell wall.

Front 38

dinoflagellate

Back 38

cells that go through mitosis but the nuclear envelope never actually fractures. mitotic spindle goes through pores of nucleus.

Front 39

diatoms

Back 39

cells that divide mitoicly inside nucleus. doesn't loose nuclear envelope either.

Front 40

Apoptosis

Back 40

cell death

Front 41

pair of chromosomes

Back 41

humans have 23 homologous (of these).

Front 42

sets of chromosoems

Back 42

human cells have 2 (Of these) of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Front 43

G1 checkpoint

Back 43

restriction point that allows or disallows a cell to continue into Synthesis.

Front 44

G2 checkpoint

Back 44

checkpoint dependant on cyclin-dependant kinases. if there is enough, the cell will go on to division. if not, it will wait or stop dividing.

Front 45

MPF

Back 45

Mitosis-promoting factor

Front 46

Metaphase checkpoint

Back 46

a checkpont that checks if all Kinetichores are connected to tubulin fibers and all sister chromatids have seperated.

Front 47

checkpoint

Back 47

regulates the cycle of cell division.

Front 48

Cyclin and Kinases

Back 48

regulatory proteins dependant on one another.

Front 49

Cyclin

Back 49

cyclically functioning concentration. connects to Kinase to work.

Front 50

Kinase

Back 50

attaches to cyclin to work to make Cdks.

Front 51

Cdks

Back 51

cyclin-dependant kinases

Front 52

Growth factor

Back 52

stimulates cell division.
PDGF (example)

Front 53

Density dependent Inhibition

Back 53

cell checking that states that crowded cells stop dividing.

Front 54

Anchorage Dependance

Back 54

cell division checking that the cell must be attached to substatum to divide, such as the inside of a jar or the estracellular matrix of tissue.

Front 55

Metastasis

Back 55

spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body than their origin.

Front 56

Transformation

Back 56

the change from a normal cell to a cancer cell.

Front 57

synaptonemal complex

Back 57

forms between a pair of homologus chromosomes during Prohapse I of meiois.

Front 58

Alteration of Generations

Back 58

describes the plant, fungi, and protists reproductive cycle. this is when a mitoically dividing sporophyte divides into two haploid gametes called gamophytes, which also divide mitoically. they then combine to form diploid cells.

Front 59

Gamophytes

Back 59

multicellular haploid plant reproductive structure/stage. reproduce by mitosis and combine to form sporophytes.

Front 60

Sporophyte

Back 60

multicellular diploid plant structure/stage. results from union of haploid gametes. meitoicallly produces haploid spores that grow into gamophytes.

Front 61

contractile ring

Back 61

makes the clevage furrow by contracting.