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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the microscopes first used by Renaissance scientists, as well as the microscopes you are likely to use in the lab.
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Light Microscopes
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visible light is passed through the specimen adn then trhough glass lenses, the lenses refract the light so the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye
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Light Microscopes
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measure of the clarity of the image; it is distinguished as two separate points
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Resolving Power
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are too small to be resolved by the light microscope, also called structures
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Organelles
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two basic types of electron microscopes
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TEM and SEM
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biologists use this to study the internal ultrastructure of cells. it uses electromagnents as lenses to focus and magnify the image by bending the paths of the electrons
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TEM
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useful for detailed study of the surface of the specimen
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SEM
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disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation
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Cell Fractionation
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the most powerful machines can spin as fast as 130,000 revolutions per minute and apply forces on particles of more than 1 million times the force of gravity
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Ultracentrifuges
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within the membrane is a semifluid substance in which organelles are found
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Cytosol
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type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in Bacteria and Archaea
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Prokaryotic Cell
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the DNA is concentrated in a region called this, but no membrane separates this region from the rest of the cell
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Nucleoid
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entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane, a term also used for the interior of a prokaryotic cell
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Cytoplasm
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functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell
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Plasma Membrane
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the nuclear side of the envelope is lined by this, a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus
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Nuclear Lamina
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the DNA is organized along with proteins into a fibrous material
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Chromatin
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as a cell prepares to divide the thin chromatin fibers coil up becoming thick enough to be discerned as separate structures
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Chromosomes
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type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi and animals
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Eukaryotic Cell
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a prominent structure within the nondividing nucleus
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Nucleolus
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particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein, are the organelles that carry out protein synthesis
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Ribosomes
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many of the different membranes of the eukaryotic cell are part of this
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Endomembrane System
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these membranes are related either through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments (sacs made of membrane)
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Vesicles
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membranous labyrinth so extensive that it accounts for more than half the total membrane in eukaryotic cells
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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its cytoplasmic surface lacks ribosomes
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Smooth ER
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appears rough through the electron microscope because ribosomes stud the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane
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Rough ER
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after leaving the ER many transport vesicles travel to this. Here products of the ER are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations
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Golgi Apparatus
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such vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another
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Transport Vesicles
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most secretory proteins are called this, proteins that are covalently bonded to carbohydrates
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Glycoproteins
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amoebas and many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles, this process is called
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Phagocytosis
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formed by phagocytosis, have already been mentioned
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Food Vacuoles
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freshwater protists have this, pumps excess water out of the cell
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Contractile Vacuoles
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mature plant cells generally contain this, a large thing enclosed by a membrane
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Central Vacuole
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the membrane that encloses the central vacuole
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Tonoplast
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are the sites of cellular respiration
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Mitochondria
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found only in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis
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Chloroplasts
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inner membrane is convoluted with in foldings called
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Cristae
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second compartment, enclosed by inner membrane
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Mitochondrial Matrix
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the chloroplast is a specialized member of a family of closely relate plant organelles called
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Plastids
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inside the chloroplast is another membranous system in the form of flattened sacs
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Thylakoids
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thylakoids are stacked like poker ships, each stack is called a
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Granum
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the fluid outside the thylakoids, contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes
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Stroma
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is a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane
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Peroxisome
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a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
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Cytoskeleton
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the thickest of the three types
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Microtubules
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the thinnest
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Microfilaments
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fibers with diameters in a middle range
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Intermediate Filaments
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microtubules grow out from this, a region often located near the nucleus
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Centrosome
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within the centrosome of an animal are a pair of, each composed of nine sets of cell divides, this replicates
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Centrioles
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the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum is anchored in the cell by this, which is structurally identical to a centriole
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Basal Body
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long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion.
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Flagella
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the motor molecules extending form each microtubule doublet to the next are made of a large protein called
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Dynein
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microfilaments are also called actin filaments because they are built from molecules of, a globular protein
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Actin
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circular flow of cytoplasm within cells
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Cytoplasmic Streaming
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cell crawls along a surface by extending and flowing into cellular extensions called
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Pseudopoida
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actin filaments are arranged parallel to one another along the length of a muscle cell, interdigitated with thicker filaments made of protein called
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Myosin
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one of the features of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells
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Cell Wall
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young plant cells first secretes a relatively thin and flexible wall
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Primary Cell Wall
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between the primary walls of adjacent cell is called this, a thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins
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Middle Lamella
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between the plasma membrane and the primary wall
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Secondary Cell Wall
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although animal cells lack walls akin to thos of plant cells they do have an elaborate
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ECM
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forms strong fibers outside the cells
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Collagen
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collagen fibers are embedded in a network woven form this, which are glycoproteins of another class
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Proteoglycans
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fibronectins bind to receptor proteins that are built into the plasma membrane
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Integrins
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some cells are attached to the ECM by other kinds of glycoproteins
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Fibronectins
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plant cell walls are perforated with channels called this to bind
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Plasmadesmata
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the membranes of neighboring cells are actually fused
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Tight Junctions
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also called anchoring junctions, function live rivets fastening cells together into strong sheets
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Desmosomes
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also called communicating junctions provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells
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Gap Junctions
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