Ap Bio Ch. 39 Animal Behavior

Front 1

A question about why a behavior occurs relates to

Back 1

ultimate causation

Front 2

A(n) ___ is shaped by experiences

Back 2

learned behavior

Front 3

If an animal's experience during development does not influence a response, the response is most likely a(n)

Back 3

innate behavior

Front 4

A fixed action pattern is an example of

Back 4

innate behavior

Front 5

A(n) _____ can vary widely within a species

Back 5

learned behavior

Front 6

A scientist who questions the evolutionary history that a given behavior relates to is investigating its

Back 6

ultimate causation

Front 7

An action that is observed in embryos is a(n)

Back 7

innate behavior

Front 8

A scientist examining the mechanism of a particular behavior is studying

Back 8

proximate causation

Front 9

A hawk raised by humans will not mate with another hawk

Back 9

imprinting

Front 10

Geese follow the first moving stimulus they see after hatching

Back 10

imprinting

Front 11

An octopus can navigate in a new tank after a 24-hour learning period

Back 11

spatial learning

Front 12

Grey squirrels can relocate buried food

Back 12

spatial learning

Front 13

A rat can navigate a maze by using landmarks

Back 13

spatial learning

Front 14

A dolphin associates the sound of a clicker with a food reward

Back 14

conditioning

Front 15

A pigeon is trained to push a lever for a food reward

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conditioning

Front 16

A chimpanzee teaches sign language to another chimpanzee

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cognition

Front 17

Capuchins can modify a stick to obtain candy

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cognition

Front 18

A captive orca discovers how to use fish to lure seagulls

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cognition

Front 19

Moth attracted to light

Back 19

photaxis

Front 20

Bats that hunt by following the echoes from flying insects

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echolocation

Front 21

True or false? The North Star is used by migratory bids to perform compass orientation, which is movement oriented in a specific direction

Back 21

true

Front 22

An unlearned behavior directly linked to a stimulus that is carried to completion once initiated and is essentially unchangeable is

Back 22

a fixed action pattern

Front 23

What types of sensory inputs does animal communication involve?

Back 23

auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory

Front 24

A learning process that can occur only during a limited period of the individual's development is called

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imprinting

Front 25

You observe a large black bird with a shiny black crest engaging in courtship behavior with a little brown bird. It would be reasonable to hypothesize that this is an example of _____.

Back 25

polygamy

Front 26

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's urinating behavior?

a. Responding to the odor means locating reproductively receptive females.

b. Male cats' hormones are triggered by the odor released by the female.

c. The males have learned to recognize the specific odor of the urine of a female in heat.

d. When the males smelled the odor, various neurons in their brains were stimulated

e. The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive behavior of the males.

Back 26

a

Front 27

The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by

Back 27

evolution

Front 28

The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that

Back 28

genes enhance the survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes.

Front 29

A salmon returns to its home stream to spawn. What term best applies to this behavior?

Back 29

imprinting

Front 30

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to the following question.

A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior


Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a sentry prairie dog gives a warning call to other foraging members of the prairie dog community.

Back 30

e

Front 31

You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behavior. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you can probably conclude that the species is

Back 31

polygamous

Front 32

The mating system in which females are more ornamented than males is

Back 32

polyandry

Front 33

Which of the following statements about the evolution of behavior is correct?

a. An animal may show behavior that minimizes reproductive fitness.

b. Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction.

c. Innate behaviors can never be altered by natural selection.

d. If a behavior is less than optimal, it will eventually become optimal through natural selection.

e. All of the statements are correct.

Back 33

b

Front 34

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

a. Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population.

b. The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because their survivability has been enhanced by virtue of the altruists risky behavior.

c. By its actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation.

d. Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations.

e. All of the options are correct.

Back 34

c

Front 35

According to Hamilton’s rule, __________.

a. natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist

b. altruism is always reciprocal

c. natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling

d. natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist

e. the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals

Back 35

a

Front 36

the study of behavior from an ecological perspective

Back 36

behavioral ecology

Front 37

The instinctive or learned actions that an organism takes in response to internal and external stimuli.

Back 37

behavior

Front 38

A limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place.

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sensitive period

Front 39

odorless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of one's species

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pheromones

Front 40

a very simple type of learning that involves a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information

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habituation

Front 41

Modification of behavior based on expeience of the spatial structure of the environment

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spatial learning

Front 42

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment.

Back 42

cognitive map

Front 43

the ability of animals to associate one feature of the environment with another

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associative conditioning

Front 44

conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex

Back 44

classical conditioning

Front 45

conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response

Back 45

operant conditioning

Front 46

the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning

Back 46

cognition

Front 47

a mating relationship wherein each individual mates with multiple other individuals, and forms no exclusive pair bond

Back 47

promiscuous

Front 48

a mating relationship wherein one male and one female mate only with each other

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monogamous

Front 49

A type of relationship in which an individual of one sex mates with several of the other.

Back 49

polygamous

Front 50

one male with many females

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polygyny

Front 51

one female with many males

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polyandry

Front 52

A type of behavior involving a non-lethal contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates

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agonistic behavior

Front 53

The theory that studies decision making in situations in which one player anticipates the reactions of other players to its own actions. Firms are mutually interdendent.

Back 53

game theory

Front 54

The sum of an individuals own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others.

Back 54

inclusive fitness

Front 55

A phenomenon of inclusive fitness, used to explain altruistic behavior between related individuals; i.e. an individual's alleles may benefit more from that individual sacrificing itself for its kin than by selfishly saving itself

Back 55

kin selection

Front 56

Altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby the current altruistic individual benefits in the future when the current beneficiary reciprocates.

Back 56

reciprocal altruism

Front 57

form of learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others

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social learning