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26 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

3 stages of cell communication?

Reception: where the target cell detects a signaling molecule.


Transduction: signal that can bring about a specific cellular response.


Response: a cellular effect brought about by the signaling molecule.

How G-protein coupled receptors receive cell signals and start transduction?

Receptor protein and G-protein are linked.The signal molecule then binds to the receptor and activates G-protein, which diffuses along membrane and binds to an enzyme.

Explain how receptor tyrosine kinase receive cell signals and start transduction.

Signal molecule binds to receptor. The tyrosine-kinase section is activated which activates a variety of specific relay proteins.

Explain how phosphorylation arcade amplifies a cell signal during transduction.

Each protein phosphorylation lends to a conformational change because of interactions. The proteins typically convert from inactive to active form.

-Explain how cell response in nucleus turns on genes.


- in cytoplasm activates enzymes.

-Signaling pathways ultimately regulate protein synthesis, by turning genes on and off.


-Cytoplasm regulates the activity of proteins then synthesis.

What is apoptosis?


Why is it important to normal functioning of multicellular organisms.

-Apoptosis is programmed cell death. If a cell is no longer needed, it will kill itself.


-Keeps things the same size

narrowing waist of sister chromatids

centromere

Chromatids

replicated strands of chromosomes

Prophase

-Chromosome condenses


-Becomes tighter


-Nucleolus disappears


Prometaphase

-Nuclear membrane fragments


-Spindles start to interact w/ chromosomes

Metaphase

-Centrioles have migrated to opposite poles.


-Copied chromosomes align in middle of the spindle

Anaphase

Chromosomes separate into 2 genetically identical groups and move to opposite ends of spindle.

Telophase

Nuclear membranes form around each of the 2 sets of chromosomes. The chromosomes begin to spread out, and spindle begins to break down.

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasmic division. 2 daughter cells produced

Role of kinases and cyclin

-Control cell cycle


-Only active with connected to cyclin


-Give go ahead at G1 and G2

Disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction

sexual: longer, less offspring, 2 parents needed


asexual: no genetic diversity,

Advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction

sexual: genetic diversity,


asexual: shorter, only one parent needed, many offspring,

Role of meiosis and fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms.

Meiosis: cell division to produce haploid gametes


Fertilization: results in zygote


Role of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.

*

How chromosome # is reduced from diploid to haploid through stages of meiosis.

crossing over

3 differences between mitosis vs meiosis.

mitosis: Homologous chromosomes DO NOT pair up (M1), crossing over does not occur, asexual


meiosis: Homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs, sexual reproduction

Crossing over

*

Independent assortment

*

Random fertilization

*

How many chromosomes are in a human body cell?

46

other

*