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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 stages of cell communication? |
Reception: where the target cell detects a signaling molecule. Transduction: signal that can bring about a specific cellular response. Response: a cellular effect brought about by the signaling molecule. |
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How G-protein coupled receptors receive cell signals and start transduction? |
Receptor protein and G-protein are linked.The signal molecule then binds to the receptor and activates G-protein, which diffuses along membrane and binds to an enzyme. |
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Explain how receptor tyrosine kinase receive cell signals and start transduction. |
Signal molecule binds to receptor. The tyrosine-kinase section is activated which activates a variety of specific relay proteins. |
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Explain how phosphorylation arcade amplifies a cell signal during transduction. |
Each protein phosphorylation lends to a conformational change because of interactions. The proteins typically convert from inactive to active form. |
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-Explain how cell response in nucleus turns on genes. - in cytoplasm activates enzymes. |
-Signaling pathways ultimately regulate protein synthesis, by turning genes on and off. -Cytoplasm regulates the activity of proteins then synthesis. |
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What is apoptosis? Why is it important to normal functioning of multicellular organisms. |
-Apoptosis is programmed cell death. If a cell is no longer needed, it will kill itself. -Keeps things the same size |
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narrowing waist of sister chromatids |
centromere |
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Chromatids |
replicated strands of chromosomes |
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Prophase |
-Chromosome condenses -Becomes tighter -Nucleolus disappears
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Prometaphase |
-Nuclear membrane fragments -Spindles start to interact w/ chromosomes |
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Metaphase |
-Centrioles have migrated to opposite poles. -Copied chromosomes align in middle of the spindle |
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Anaphase |
Chromosomes separate into 2 genetically identical groups and move to opposite ends of spindle. |
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Telophase |
Nuclear membranes form around each of the 2 sets of chromosomes. The chromosomes begin to spread out, and spindle begins to break down. |
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Cytokinesis |
Cytoplasmic division. 2 daughter cells produced |
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Role of kinases and cyclin |
-Control cell cycle -Only active with connected to cyclin -Give go ahead at G1 and G2 |
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Disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction |
sexual: longer, less offspring, 2 parents needed asexual: no genetic diversity, |
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Advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction |
sexual: genetic diversity, asexual: shorter, only one parent needed, many offspring, |
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Role of meiosis and fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms. |
Meiosis: cell division to produce haploid gametes Fertilization: results in zygote
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Role of homologous chromosomes in meiosis. |
* |
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How chromosome # is reduced from diploid to haploid through stages of meiosis. |
crossing over |
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3 differences between mitosis vs meiosis. |
mitosis: Homologous chromosomes DO NOT pair up (M1), crossing over does not occur, asexual meiosis: Homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs, sexual reproduction |
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Crossing over |
* |
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Independent assortment |
* |
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Random fertilization |
* |
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How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? |
46 |
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other |
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