Ap Bio-Biology: The Unity And Diversity Of Life Ch. 17-21,28

Front 1

catastrophism

Back 1

belief that changes to the earths surface happened all at once (relative-6,000 years) in violent geographic processes

Front 2

fossils-
formation

Back 2

mineral replacement of organic material: happens slow in

Front 3

fossils-
incomplete record

Back 3

works best for creatures with hard parts (they fossilize best) with rapid burial to prevent decomposition

Front 4

biogeography

Back 4

the study of the world distribution of organisms

Front 5

comparative anatomy

Back 5

study of the differences in body plans of different mammals, reptiles, and other major groups

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Darwin's beliefs

Back 6

natural selection

over time individuals with longer necks survived better, so necks persisted (giraffe)

Front 7

Lamarck's beliefs

Back 7

individual giraffe's neck stretched as it reached for higher food

changes happen as needed

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natural selection

Back 8

when more individuals are born than can survive, and all individuals are different, characteristics that allow better survival persist in the population

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population

Back 9

members of the species capable of breeding

Front 10

polymorphism

Back 10

a trait with two or more distinct variations

Front 11

morphological
traits

Back 11

anatomy, structure

Front 12

physiological traits

Back 12

metabolism, respiration, biochemical at the cellular level

Front 13

behavioral traits

Back 13

behaviors

Front 14

gene pool

Back 14

all the alleles/genetic material shared in a population; no single individual has all

Front 15

allele frequencies

Back 15

the abundance of each kind of allele in the population

Front 16

microevolution

Back 16

small scale changes in allele frequencies

Front 17

genetic equilibrium
*see hardy-wineberg

Back 17

frequencies of alleles for a given gene remain the same

only when the 5 conditions are met

Front 18

mutation rate

Back 18

probability of gene mutation, which is the only source for new alleles

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neutral mutation

Back 19

neither helps nor harms an individual

Front 20

lethal mutation

Back 20

usually causes individual's death

Front 21

Hardy-Weinberg Rule

Back 21

p^2+2pq+q^2=1 and p+q=1

when 1)large population

2)all individuals survive and reproduce

3)mating is random

4)there is no genetic mutation

5)no genetic drift/gene flow

Front 22

fitness

Back 22

greater adaptation to the environment

Front 23

directional selection

Back 23

one of the extreme forms of an allele is favored, usually caused by environmental change

Front 24

stabilizing selection

Back 24

intermediate forms of the allele are favored

Front 25

disruptive selection

Back 25

intermediate forms of the allele are not favored

Front 26

sexual selection

Back 26

he who leaves more offspring wins -
produce offspring that are capable of reproducing

whatever traits you have causing that will persist

Front 27

gene flow

Back 27

immigration or emigration

Front 28

genetic drift

Back 28

shit happens, larger effect on small populations

change in frequency due to random events

Front 29

founder effect

Back 29

small group within a population moves to a different area, doesn't represent the population's alleles

Front 30

bottleneck

Back 30

vast majority of the individuals are wiped out, doesn't reflect population's allels

Front 31

pest resurgence

Back 31

happens when insects are able to survive a pesticide and rebound to cause crop damage

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antibiotics

Back 32

metabolic products of certain microorganisms that can kill bacteria

Front 33

sexual dimorphism

Back 33

distinctly male or female trait

Front 34

balanced polymorphism

Back 34

allele type that persists, such as sickle-cell anemia allele that prevents malaria in heterozygotes

Front 35

fixation

Back 35

only one allele for a gene remains

Front 36

inbreeding

Back 36

non-random mating among closely related individuals

leads to problems

Front 37

biological species concept

Back 37

species are interbreeding groups of natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Front 38

reproductive isolating mechanisms

Back 38

any heritable feature that prevents breeding from one or more genetically divergent species

Front 39

allopatric speciation

Back 39

geographic separation or physical distance isolates groups

Front 40

sympatric speciation

Back 40

same location but pre-zygotic isolation

something prevents mating

Front 41

polyploidy

Back 41

nondisjunction leads to different chromosome number

best way to create a new species

works best in plants who can self fertilize

Front 42

parapatric speciatioin (hybrid zone)

Back 42

fairly motile species with large population but vast area.

One group stays in one are and other group stays in another area. Hybrid zone where some come in contact in the middle.

Front 43

archipelago

Back 43

a chain of islands close to the mainland

Front 44

gradual model of speciation

Back 44

slow continuous change

Front 45

punctuated model of speciation

Back 45

all at once change

short (1000-100 yrs) catastrophic environmental change where one genetic makeup fares better than another

Front 46

adaptive radiation

Back 46

happens on isolated islands with few types of species

multiple new species occur to fill empty niches

Front 47

cladogenesis

Back 47

branching pattern of speciation

Front 48

anagenesis

Back 48

changes in frequencies and morphology but an unbranched line of descent

Front 49

key innovations

Back 49

novel new modifications like the wing

Front 50

background extinction

Back 50

expected rate of disappearance as local conditions change

Front 51

mass extinction

Back 51

catastrophic event in which everybody dies off

Front 52

macroevolution

Back 52

large scale patterns of change of groups of species

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lineages

Back 53

lines of descent

Front 54

pre-zygotic isolation

temporal

Back 54

times of breeding are different

Front 55

pre-zygotic isolation

behavorial

Back 55

don't recognize the mating call, so mating never happens

Front 56

pre-zygotic isolation

mechanical

Back 56

tab A doesn't fit into slot B

physical incompatibilities

Front 57

pre-zygotic isolation

ecological

Back 57

different microenvironments close together but species choose not to move into each others' zones

Front 58

stratification

Back 58

the layering of sedimentary deposits

Front 59

comparative morphology

Back 59

anatomical comparisons of major lineages

Front 60

homologies

Back 60

same structure, like number of fingers, coming from a common ancestor, but functions are different

Front 61

analogies

Back 61

different ancestors

evolved under the same environmental pressures to yield the same functions (penguins, sharks, and dolphins)

Front 62

morphological convergence

Back 62

non related lineages evolve in the same direction in response to a common environment

Front 63

morphological divergence

Back 63

populations of the same species diverge considerably in appearance and functions after a long time of separationg

Front 64

molecular clock

Back 64

regular rate of neutral mutations in genetic material allows comparison of different species to find how closely related they are

Front 65

DNA-DNA hybridization

Back 65

two strands are stuck together, how well they stick depends on their common base pairs

Front 66

taxonomy

Back 66

field of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying species

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binomial system

Back 67

genus then specific name,

in latin formulated by Linnaeus

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classification schemes

Back 68

organized ways of retrieving information about a particular species

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higher taxa

Back 69

more inclusive groupings to reflect relationships among species

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phylogeny

Back 70

evolutionary relationships between species based on what are to be perceived as the most ancestral forms

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derived trait

Back 71

novel feature that evolved only once and is shared among descendants

Front 72

cladograms

Back 72

tree diagrams showing relative relationships

Front 73

evolutionary systematics

Back 73

applies evolutionary theory to identify patterns of diversity over time and through the environment

Front 74

six kingdom system

Back 74

eubacteria

archaebacteria

protista

fungi

plantae

animalia

Front 75

three domain classification

Back 75

eubacteria

archaebacteria

eukaryotes (everything else)

Front 76

stromatolites

Back 76

calcium deposits caused by early anaerobic eubacteria

Front 77

endosymbiosis

Back 77

one species lives permanently inside another

theory for origin of mitochondria, which has some of its own dna and ribosomes

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ediacarans

Back 78

odd organisms chaped like fronds, disks, and blobs that nearly defy classification

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primates

Back 79

prosimians, tarsoids and anthropoids

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anthropoids

Back 80

humans apes and monkeys

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hominoids

Back 81

apes and humans

Front 82

hominids

Back 82

humans and their extinct ancestors

Front 83

climate changes leading to humans

Back 83

wet rainforest tree climate dried out to become more arid with open savannas

Front 84

physical changes

Back 84

1)Daytime vision

2)Upright walking-bipedalism

3)power grip and precision grip-for tool use

4)rounded teeth with molars, incisors, and canines for all occasions

5)brain changes-increase in cortex size allowing language, higher level abstract thinking, and culture

Front 85

australopiths

Back 85

4-4.5 mya

early upright walkers

Front 86

H. Habilis

Back 86

first of the homo to use tools

Front 87

Homo erectus

Back 87

2 mya first to use fire

most closely related to modern humans

Front 88

H Sapien

Back 88

cro magnons in Europe

100,000 years