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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How does the body respond to higher than normal blood levels of carbon dioxide?
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Ventilation is increased to remove excess carbon dioxide.
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Which vein has the largest cross sectional area?
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Brachiocephalic
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Which cause expiration during normal quiet breathing
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passive recoil of the lungs and chest wall
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Which is an example of catabolc chemical reaction
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Glycogen conversion to glucose
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Which blood group will have its erythrocytes aggluntinated by either Type A plasma or type B plasma
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Type AB
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Non-digestible substances move through the secretions of the colon in what order
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ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
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which is an effect of increased venous return
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increase in end diastolic volume EDV
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a lose of function of gastric chief cells would result in a decreased ability to digest which substance
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protein
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an elevation of which factor will increase the affinity of hemoglobin 02
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pH
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which action best reduces peripheral resistance in blood vessels
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increasing the diameter of the arterioles
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how does the heart react to excessive potassium in the blood
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the heart stops
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which event occurs first after the P wave
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contraction of the atria
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which process occurs in a patient with falling blood glucose levels
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glycogenolysis
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the inferiour region of the stomach communicates with the duodenum of the small intestines by which structure
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pyloric sphincter
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anemia is a disorder of which blood element
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erythrocytes
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Which reaction is a form of hydrolysis?
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Formation of glucose from glycogen
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What is involved in chemical digestion?
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The addition of water to molecular bonds.
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Which hormone stimulates ejection of bile from the gallbladders?
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Cholecystokinin
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Which is the function of surfactin produced by type 2 alveolar cells?
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Surfactant reduces surface tension so that the alveoli can more easily expand during inspiration
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A reduced level of which blood component will decrease the transport of cholesterol to tissue cells?
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Lipoprotein
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What result when blood pH decreases?
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More oxygen is available to tissues
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Where in the cardiovascular system is blood pressure usually the highest?
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Renal artery.
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What is the function of the SA (sino-atrial) node?
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To set the pace of the heartbeat
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What is the result of living in a high altitude?
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Increased production of erythrocytes.
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A major function of epatocytes is the formation and secretions of substance?
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Bile
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Which statement accurately describes the pressure in the alveolar during normal quiet respiration?
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Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure during inspiration and greater than atmospheric on expiration
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which is the normal response for the cardio-inhibitory center of the medulla oblongata?
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Decrease heart rate at times of increased BP.
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How do bile salts facilitate the digestion of fat?
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By causing fat emulsification
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Which action occurs following stimulation of the baro-receptors in the aortic arch?
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The smooth muscles will relax.
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Which phase of gastric activity control is inhibited by the entero-astric reflux?
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Intestinal phase
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Which stage of the cardiac cycle lasts longest?
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Time the atrio-ventricular valves are open
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Which is the first homeostatic event to occur following damage to n arteriole?
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Arteriolar smooth muscles contract in ventricular spasm.
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Which characteristic differentiates small arteries from large arteries?
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Small arteries have proportionately more smooth muscle
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which action reduces the rate of a chemical reaction?
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Decreasing the temperature of the reaction
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`Dehydration of the following will form a peptide bond?
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Amino acids
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Carbon usually has an atomic mass of 12, but some carbon has a mass of 14, which term best describes carbon 14?
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An Isotope
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Aqueous solutions are more easily formed if the solute is in what condition?
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Polar
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What property of water is most important for the property function in the human cells?
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Water is a highly effective solvent
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Which is the role of ionic calcium in the contraction of the skeletal muscle?
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Ionic calcium or CA2+ loose tripomyosin from the myosin-binding site.
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Sutures of the skull are examples of which kind of joint?
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Fibrous synthrosis
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What is a consequence of over production of hormones by the parathyroid gland?
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Easily broken bones.
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Which type of cell is responsible for secreting the matrix of bone?
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Osteoblast
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Which axial bones have transverse foramenia and bifid spinos process?
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Cervical vertebrae
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Which site is a location of blood vessels that nourish the cells of compact bone?
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Havorshin canals
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If muscle fibers obey the "all or none principle", how can skeletal muscles produce graded contractions?
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Different numbers of muscle fiber can become stimulated.
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Which action results when the lower extremity is moved away from the midline of the median plane?
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Abduction
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Which muscle extends the leg at the knee?
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The rectus femoris
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Which event coursed the irreversible cross linkage between actin & myosin filament during rigimortous?
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The cessation ATP synthesis
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Which pair of prime movers are antagonists?
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Latisimus dorsi & pectoralis major
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Which is the bodies energy source for a one-hundred mile bicycle race?
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Aerobic metabolism
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Which statement indicates normal water gain & loss on a normal daily basis?
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Water gain tends to equal water loss.
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Which process results in the least amount of water?
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Defecation
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What is the effect of hypoventilation on Ph of body fluids?
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The Ph of body fluids fall due to increased concentrations of hydrogenation of ions.
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Which cation is present in the highest concentration in intracellular fluid?
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Potassium
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Why must the Ph of blood be kept constant?
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To maintain function of proteins.
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Which statement best describes the homeostasis of blood glucose?
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Insulin is needed to stimulate most cells in the body to increase uptake of glucose.
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Which halves would be the direct result of a midsaggital section of the head midsagittal?
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Right & left halves
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Which transport mechanism is best adapted for moving a large hydrosolic molecule from outside a cell where it's concentration higher than that of inside of the cell?
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Facilitated diffusion
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Which statement best describes pseudo stratified columnar epithelium?
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It lines most of the upper respiratory tract.
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Which is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
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Stratum corneum the stratum corneum is the exposed outer surface of the skin
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What is the functional role of the otoliths of the inner ear?
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Perceiving head position relative to gravity, equilibrium
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What is the non vascular transparent coat that covers the iris?
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Cornea
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A decreased sense of taste can result from injury to which cranial nerve?
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The glossopharyngeal
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Which is the result o a excitory-post synaptic potential?
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Increased sodium ion permeability of cellular membranes
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Which effect on sound waves results from the tympanic memory collecting vibrations and transmitting them to the oval window?
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Amplification
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After blood donation, which hormone will be most involved in maintaining blood pressure and replacing the lost blood volume?
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Aldosterone
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Which types of fibers are present in the sinothalmic nerve tract?
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Somatic afferent
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Which part of the brain produces releasing hormones that control the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
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Hpyothalmus
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Consumption of alcoholic beverages inhibits the secretion of which hormone?
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Vasopressin (vasopressin is also known as an antidiuretic hormone
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Which hormone can raise low blood glucose levels?
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Glucogon
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A secretion of an adrenocoricotropic hormone (ACTH) leads to which process?
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Stimulation of adrenal cortex, causing a release of glucocorticoids
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Damage to which part of the brain will result in resting tremor, reduced ability to initiate movements and decreased dopamine levels
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Substancia negra (which is known as Parkinson's)
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Which neuron synapse is an autonomic ganglion?
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Two motor neurons
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Which condition stimulates increased secretion of parathyroid hormone?
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Decreased blood calcium.
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A mother is unable to produce enough milk to nurse her newborn, which hormonal imbalanced is the cause?
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Hyposecretion of prolactin
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Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) targets which organ to produce which action?
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The kidneys to reabsorb water.
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A lesion is present in the ventralspinothalmic tract of the spinal cord on the R side@ the 2nd cervical level. Which part of the body will be unable to distinguish touch & pressure
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L side of the body, below the neck.
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The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by which gland?
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Pituitary
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What occurs when the process of accommodation is required for near vision?
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The ciliary muscles contract and the lenses are rounded.
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Heroin relieves pain by mimicking the activity of which neurotransmitter?
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Endorphins
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Which circumstance is required for synapse to become excitatory?
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Post synaptic membrane channels are open.
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If several pre-synaptic neurons deliver an excitatory message to a post synaptic neuron at the same time, the combined effect may initiate an action potential. What term describes the process of forming an action potential in this way
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Summation
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When inadequate dietary intake of iodine results in significantly reduce blood hyperthyroxine levels, how do the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary respond. Thyrotropin releasing hormonds (TRH) levels in the blood
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Increase in TSH or TSH levels increase
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Which cells of he testes produce testosterone?
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Interstitial cells
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`During the process of oogenesis, when is miosis I completed
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The puberty
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When does the endometrium become thickest during the female reproductive cycle?
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Late in the secretory phase
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Reproduction, which hormone stimulates parturition?
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Oxytocin
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Which function is the main role of HCG during the first 3 months of pregnancy?
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To stimulate the release of hormones from the corpus luteum
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Which statement is the most descriptive of the corpus luteum
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It is the ruptured follicle resulting following ovulation
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Which structure is the major source of fruictose secretion used by sperm cells for energy?
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Seminole vescicle
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Which type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
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The transitional
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Which event stimulated the glomular filtration rate (GFR)?
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Afferent arteriole vasodilatation
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What happens if body fluids osmolarity exceeds normal levels?
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Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) release will increase
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Why is glucose in the urine characteristic of untreated diabetes?
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Elevated blood glucose exceeds the renal transport maximum tm leading to excessive glucose excretion
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How is urine propelled from the kidneys to the urinary bladder when an individual is lying down?
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Peristalsis in the uriter
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Under which condition would a person experience a decreased production of ADH?
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After drinking alcoholic beverages.
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Which structures comprise the renal corpuscle?
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Bowman's corpuscle and gomerulus
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Urine is produced in the renal lobes, collects in renal palpuli, then is discharged into which part of the kidney?
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The minor calyx
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Which event is a result of increased renin production of the juxtaglomular apparatus?
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Sodium reabsorption increase
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If the spinal cord has been severed at the level of the waist with no other injury, what will the long-term effect be on microition?
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Bladder will empty reflectively without voluntary control.
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What is formed by the unequal sharing of electrons?
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Polar molecules (Polar molecules by definition share electrons unequally)
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What is a product of the reaction of an acid * a base?
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A salt (a salt is a reaction of the product of an acid & a base)
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What is the result of an enzymatic reaction?
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A decrease in the energy of activation of chemical reactions (Enzyme lower the reaction of chemical reactions)
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An enzyme binds which which reactant in order to act with that reactant?
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Substrate (Enzymes will bind only with a highly specific substrate)
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Which property describes an element that is found to be stable and reactive?
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The elements balance shell is completely filled, (unreactive mean the outermost shell is filled, unreactive elements are inherently stable.
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Which set of terms is most descriptive of smooth muscles?
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Plasticity, dense bodies and involuntary
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Which component of bones operates to reduce the brittleness of bones?
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Collagen (Collagen fibers are strong & flexible)
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Which statement correctly identifies the difference between cartilage & bone?
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Cartilage is avascular and has no fibers, and bone is vascular and no collagen fibers.
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Which features are unique to thoracic vertebrae?
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Facets & demifacets (only these thoracic vertebrae have facets that provide ribs articulation)
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If an individual had a disease that affected skeletal muscle tissue only, which function would be impaired?
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Diaphragm contraction (diaphragm is a skeletal muscle)
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During bone development, which process is responsible for ossification of most of the axial skeletal bones?
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Primarily intramenbranous ossification (the bones along the longitudinal access of the body for example the skull and the clavicle form primarily by itramembtaous ossificaion
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What is the function of the obturator foramen?
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To allow passage of blood vessels and nerves to the lower extremities.
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When a person sits on a chair with thighs together, the thighs are in which position?
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Flexed & abducted
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Which activity is the functional role of calcium (CA2+) in muscle contractions?
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changing the concentration of troponins. Calcium causes troponins to change it's shape and cause the contraction cycle)
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Which condition causes a muscle cramp?
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Changes in membrane permeability (muscle fibers require optimum permeability to cause muscles to function properly, changes in permeability specifically thoe leading to electrolyte permeability can cause cramps)
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which muscle is located in the posterior compartment of the lower leg?
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Gsstrocnemisis (the gastrocnemisis is posterior compartment of the lower leg)
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Which bony landmarks are used to measure the combined lengths of the femur * the tibia to determine the length of the leg?
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The anterior inferior iliac spine to the lateral malleolus of the fibula
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Which factor will contribute to the formation of edema?
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Lowered blood proteins (general edema can result from reduced protein concentration, for example malnutrition, starvation of liver desease)
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What action can help an arteriole ph of the blood into a normal range?
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Breathing rapidly and deeply
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Which physiological condition is present in an individual who had diabetes and a blood ph of 7.1?
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Acidosis
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Which most efficiently buffers plasma acids?
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Bicarbonate buffer (Bicarbonate is active in both intracellular fluid and extra cellular fluid and is the most important in buffering plasma acids)
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Which observation best reflects the ionic status of extracellular fluid?
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Sodium concentration far exceeds potassium concentration.
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Which occurrence would directly increase systemic arteriole pressure?
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Increase in peripheral resistance
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Why is aspirin an antithrombic agent?
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It blocks the synthesis of thromboxane
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Which structure on the CNS contains the neurons that fire arrythmically to control inspiration & expiration?
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Medulla oblongata
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Why is there normally no backflow of blood during cardiac contractions?
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The blood pressure in the ventricle and the aorta caused the valve to close.
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle is the blood pressure the lowest?
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During rapid ventricular filling
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What causes the rate & depth of ventilation to increase?
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an increase of the partial pressure of the CO2 in blood.
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What most directly stimulates respiration?
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CO2
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During aerobic respiration, glucose is oxidized yielding adensone triosphate (ATP), what other compounds are also produced?
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CO2 & water (aerobic respiration produces ATP, CO2 & H2O)
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How does the entry of fatty chyme into the small intestine turn the release of bile into the intestines?
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Fatty chyme causes the intestine to secrete cholycistokininn (CCK) which stimulate the small intestine to release bile
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Where does the transfer of oxygen to the blood occur?
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Alveoli
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If the connection of the vagus nerve and the heart were severed, how would the heart rate be affected?
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The heart rate would increase (the vagus nerve is the baroreceptor of that monitors pressure changes in the blood vessel walls, without it the heart rate would increase.)
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Which vitamin is considered to be toxic if taken in excess?
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Retinal (A) (an excess in Vit A causes liver damage, nausea, anorexia & skin deterioration. Retinal (A) is fat suluable as are vitamins that have a toxic affects.
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Where do the renal arteries originate?
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Abdominal aorta
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A woman has Rh neg blood, her first child is born with Rh+ blood and her second child is born with Rh- blood. Who will receive the RhD immune globulin of Rhgam treatment for hemolytic disease of the newborne?
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The mother fol owing each birth. (Treating the mother after each birth will protect future children from hemolytic disease of the newborn)
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Gastrincholysistokinin (GCK) & secretin are what type of chemical substance?
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Hormones
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Obstruction of the common bile duct would interfere with which substance?
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Lipids (bile salts are critical to lipid digestion)
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What are the 4 layers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract starting from the lumen to the outside?
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Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis & serosa
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Which blood vessel has the lowest blood pressure?
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Ulner vein (veins generally have lower pressure than arteries)
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Which factors prevent the lungs from collapsing?
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Surfactant in the alveoli and negative plural pressure
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The appendix is attached to which structure?
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The Cecum
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Manual stimulation of the baroreceptors of the carotid sinuses, by massaging the neck over the carotid sinuses would have which effect?
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The BP & heart rate would drop
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Which plasma protein plays an essential role in blood coagulation?
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Fibrinogen (Fibrinogen (fiberI) is the chief protein in the clotting factor)
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Which action occurs during swallowing?
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The tongue closes the oropharynx
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Which condition promotes the process of eryhropoiesis?
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Hypoxia
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A high fat meal would cause an increase in which substance in the blood?
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Cholecystokinin (CKK)
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Which nutrient would be hampered if the liver were severely damaged?
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Lipids
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Which statement best describes the short-term physiological responses of the carotid sinuses baroreceptor reflex that occur after a sudden increase in arteriole BP?
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The number of carotid sinus impulses increases followed by the peripheral vasodilatation and decreased cardiac output.
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Which statement best describes the Frank Starling principle?
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An increased preload leads to an increased stroke volume.
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If a person with high BP has an elevated afterload, what is most likely to occur?
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The end systolic volume will increase. (The greater the afterload the greater the end systolic volume)
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Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
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The left atrium
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What process inhibits the intestinal phase of gastric secretion?
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Enterogastric reflux
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Which heart valve is located between the L atrium and the L ventricle?
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The mitral (also known an the LAV valve, the tricuspid is the RAV valve)
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Which condition leads to the decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood?
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The lack of intrinsic factor (lack of intrinsic factor leads to pernicious anemia a condition where red blood cell growth is inhibited and this oxygen carrying capacity remains low.)
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Which physiological process is regulated by the positive feedback mechanism?
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Blood clotting
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Which is the result of a red blood cell being placed in a 20% solution of Nacl, the red blood cell will?
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Lose water and shrink as water enters the hypertonic saline solution. (Exposure to a 20% solution would cause the cell to dehydrate)
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Which provides a barrier that restricts the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the underlying connective tisue into the epithelium?
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The basal lamina
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Where is the medialstinum located?
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Between the lungs
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What is the result of the destruction of a cells ribosomes?
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Inability to synthesize proteins. (protein synthesis is the primary function of the robosome.)
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What part of the brain relays visual & hearing information?
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Copora quadrigemina (visual and hearing information are specifically processed in the corpora quadrigemina, which is a part of the mid-brain.
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Loss of calcium from the bone matrix occurs with hyperactivity with which gland?
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The parathyroid
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The anterior-pituitary lobe secretes which protein?
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Thyroid stimulating protein (the thyroid stimulation protein is one of 7 hormones secreted by the anteriorpitutary lobe.)
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Which cell type could serve as an example of convergence?
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M magnocell (M or magnocells are located in the rods of the retina, they are large and have a great deal of convergence)
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A neurotransmitter has opened chemically gated channels leading to an excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP), what ions will now diffuse down their concentrated gradient more rapidly?
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Sodium
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which statement about the thymus gland is accurate?
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It is the site of lymphocyte differentiate ( T lymphocytes mature and differentiate in the thymus)
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If a 1st order neuron in the sensory pathway carry fine touch sensation, has its cell body in the R dorsal route ganglion, in what location will this neuron synapse witha 2nd order neuron?
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The situation described occurs in the posterior column pathway where 1st order neurons carrying sensations from the inferior half of the gody synapse in themedulla oblongat with 2nd ordr neurons.
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Which area of the brain is responsible for vision?
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Occipital
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What causes elevated levels of vasopressor?
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Increased BP
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Which behavior would be adversely affected by damage to the Warnicke's area?
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The perception of language
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Which neuron parts reside in the anterior great horns of the spinal cord?
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The cell bodies of preganglionicpayasympathetic neurons. (These great horns house these cell bodies that are part of the CNS)
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How does the hypophysealportalsystem (HCS)connect to the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
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HCS directly connects the median eminence to the pars distelous via hypothalamic-hypophiseal vein.
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Which condition would lead to increased aldosterone secretion?
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Decreased blood sodium
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Which statement describes the effect 2 different hormones acting on the same organ?
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Glucocorticoids and epinephrine cause adipose tissue to increase lipogenesis
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Which function would be affected by blockade of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Pupil constriction
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Why do people in colored photographs taken by a flash camera often have red eyes?
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The structures within the eye absorb fewer red wavelengths than other colored wavelengths.
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What is most likely to occur in a person deficient in Vit A?
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Rhodopsin reserves are exhausted
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Damage to some types of mylinated nerve fibers can often be repaired if which part o the nerve remains intact?
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The cell body
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Which ion floods into a neuron to initiate an action potential?
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Sodium
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What purpose is served by neuroglial tissue?
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It's cells intertwine to form a supporting & protective framework throughout the brain & spinal cord.(the chief function of neuroglial tissue is to support & protect the brain & spinal cord.)
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Which would occur if adenalatecyclase were inhibited?
|
The response to ADH (antidiuretic hormones) would be inhibited. (adenalatecyclase makes cAMP, which stimulates ADH production. Inhabition of one would inhibit the other.
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In light refraction, where is the local focal point located?
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Where light rays cross anterior to the retina.
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Which structures contain the hair cells that are stimulated when an individual who whirling becomes dizzy?
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Semi-circular ducts
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Which hormone will predict when ovulation will recur?
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The lutenizing (LH) Hormone
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Which condition causes an autoimmune response to ones own sperm?
|
Developing sperm are isolated from the bloodstream by tight conjunctions of the sustintacular cells
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Which function is performed by the interstitial cells of ley dig?
|
Testosterone secretion
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What cells are released @ ovulation?
|
A secondary oocyte & 1 polar body
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Which layer of the uterus is shed during the menstral cycle?
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Functional zone
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which reproductive structure is unpaired?
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The prostate gland
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During the process of oogenesis, when is meiosis II completed?
|
At fertilization
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what will the urine of a person who is fasting likely contain?
|
Ketone bodies
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Which solute comprises the majority of nitrogen contain material in the urine?
|
Urea
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Which response is stimulated by the alcohol in several glasses of beer acting on anti diuretic hormone (ADH)?
|
Frequency of urination
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How is the micturition reflex initiated?
|
By stretch receptors in the bladder wall (stretch receptors in the bladder wall stimulate parasympathetic motor neurons that trigger the micuration reflex)
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Blood present in the capillary bed of the glumerilous exits via which vessel?
|
The efferent arteriole (the correct sequence of blood flow within the nephron is: Afferent arterioles, glomerialus, efferent arterioles, paratubular cpillaries and vendules.)
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How can glumarilar filtration be reduced?
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Reduce the diameter of the afferent arteriole
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If urine formation is normal, but no urine enters the bladder, where is there likely to be an obstruction
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The ureter
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Which part of the nephron increases its permeability to water in the presence of antidiuretic hormone or ADH?
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The collecting duct
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Which cells from the maculladensa of the juxtaglomerialur apparatus?
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Modified distal tubular cells
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Whee is the largest percentage of filtered water re-absorbed?
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In the proximal convoluted tubule
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