Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Intervertebral Discs
|
pads of flexible fibrocartilage that are in between vertebrae,
Allow flexibility |
|
Describe the 12 pairs of discs
|
True fibs-first 7 pairs, attached directly to sternum by costal cartlages.
False-next 5 pair, no sternal Floating- last 2 false pairs |
|
Calcaneus
|
sheelbone
|
|
Sprain
|
Ligaments or tendons reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching, torn away
|
|
Rheumatoid arthritis
|
onset 40-50 years, 3x as many women as men are effected, autoimmune, body attempts to destroy own tissue
|
|
Gouty arthritis
|
accumulation of uric acid, a norm waste product of nucleac acid metabolism, deposited in the joint
|
|
Osteoporosis
|
affects 1/2 of all women over 65 years, and aprox 20% of men over 70. Risk factors: diet low in Calcium and protein, lack of vit D, smoking insuff WB exercise
|
|
4 functions of muscles
|
1.produce movement
2.maintain posture 3. stabilizes joints 4. generates heat |
|
Skeletal muscle
|
striated, voluntary, can contract rapidly with great force, tiers easily and must rest after short periods of activity
|
|
Endomysium
|
delicate connective tissue that encloses each muscle fiber
|
|
Perimysium
|
Coarse fibrous membrane enclose several sheathed muscle fibers called fasicle
|
|
Fasicicle
|
Several sheathed muscle fibers (that are wrapped within perimysium)
|
|
Aponeuroses
|
attach muscle indirectly to bones, cartilages or connective tissue
|
|
Cardiac muscle
|
Only found in heart
STRIATED, INVOLUNTARY, cells joined by special junctions called intercalated discs |
|
Smooth muscle
|
NON STRIATED, INVOLUNTARY, found in organs (VISCERAL)
|
|
Sacromeres
|
Tiny contractile units that make chains (myofibrils), produce banding pattern, aligned end to end
|
|
Structure of Smooth muscle
|
Spindle shaped, single nucleus, most often 2 layered one running circularly, and other longitudinally
|
|
Graded Responses
|
Produced 2 ways: TEMPORAL SUMMATION-changing the frequency of muscle stim, or SPATIAL SUMMATION-changing the # of muscle cells being stimulated
|
|
Graded response : FUSED
|
AKA complete- No evidence of relaxation in muscles, smooth movements
|
|
Muscle twitch
|
incomplete graded response, result of nervous system problems, nerve impulses delivered to muscle at a rapid rate
|
|
Isotonic vs Isometric
|
Isotonic- involves shortening of muscles
Isometric contractions-muscles do not shorten |
|
Muscular dystrophy
|
Most common (Duchenne's) in males, dx'd 2-6yrs, most in w/c by 12 yrs, and dont live beond adulthood
|
|
Myastenia gravis
|
affects muscles in adulthood, drooling of upper eyelids, difficulty swallowing and talking, gen weakness and fatigue
|
|
Hamstring Group
|
bicepts femoris
semimembranosus semitendinosus |
|
The head of the humerus articulates with the...
|
glenoid cavity
|
|
Muscle tissue have what properties?
|
excitability,
extensibility contractibility |
|
Spinal nerves vs cranial nerves
|
Spinal- carry impulses to and from the spinal cord
Cranial- carry impulses to and from the brain |
|
Bell-Magendie Law
|
Info from the PNS enters the spinal cord via it's dorsal surface, and exits via ventral spinal cord
|
|
Sensory nerves vs motor nerves
|
sensory- afferent
motor- efferent |
|
Within a neuron, the info travels in which direction?
|
Dendrite to Cell Body to Axon
|
|
Neuroglia
|
Supporting cells in the CNS are lumped together
|
|
Nodes of Ranvier
|
Gaps formed d/t Schwann cells wrapped around axons
|
|
Saltatory Conduction
|
"to dance" Myelinated neurons carry impulses this way.
|
|
Tracts vs Nerves
|
CNS-tracts
PNS-nerves |
|
Ganglia
|
small collection of cell bodies
|
|
Nuclei
|
Clusters of cell bodies that are found in the CNS
|
|
White matter vs Gray
|
White- highly mylenated, PNS
Gray- unmylenated, cell bodies, CNS |
|
Polarized
|
fewer positive ions sitting on the inner face of the neuron's plasma membrane than there are on their outer face of tissue
|
|
Depolarized
|
inward rush of sodium ions change polarity of the neuron's membrane at that site
|
|
Repolarixation/hyperpolarize
|
outflow of positive ions from the cell restores the electrical conditions at the mem to the polarized, or resting state
|
|
Somatic refleses
|
example- pullin hand away from hot pan
|
|
Autonomic reflexes
|
regulates activitie of smooth muscles, heart and glands
|
|
Reflex Arc
|
Rapid, predictable and involuntary response to stimuli, occurs over neural pathways called reflex arc, CNS and PNS
|
|
Broca's Area
|
Found at base of pre central gyrus, ability to speak and say words properly
|