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249 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract functions to
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digest and absorbs food
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The alimentary canal includes what structures
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mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
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The accessory digestive organs include what structures
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teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas
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What are the six essential activities of the digestive process
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ingestion, propulsion, and mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and defecation
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Taking food into the digestive tract
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ingestion
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swallowing and peristalsis are a part of what function
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propulsion
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What are waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls
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peristalasis
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Chewing, mixing, and churning food are a part of what function of the digestive process
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mechanical digestion, mastication and chewing
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Catabolic breakdown of food are a part of what function of the digestive process
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chemical digestion
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Movement of nutrients from the Gi tract to the blood of lymph is what function of the digestive system
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absorption
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Elimination of ingestible solid wastes is what digestive function
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defecation
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Regulation of digestion involves what
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mechanical and chemical stimuli stretch receptors, osmolarity, and presence of substrate in the lumen
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Intrinsic regulation of digestion takes place where
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by local centers inside the gut
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Extrinsic regulation of digestion takes place where
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by CNS centers directly in brain
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what responds to stretch b y presence of food, osmolarity, ph of contents, and presence of end products of digestion
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mechano- and chemoreceptors
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What initiates reflexes that activate or inhibit digestive glands to secrete digestive juices, and mix lumen contents and move them along
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receptors of the GI tract
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What controls nerve plexuses near the GI tract initiate short reflexes that are mediated by local enteric plexuses (gut brain)
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Intrinsic controls
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What controls long reflexes arising within or outside the GI tract and involve CNS centers and autonomic nerves
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Extrinsic controls
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What covers external surface of most digestive organs
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visceral peritoneum
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what lines the body wall
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parietal peritoneum
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This functions to lubricate digestive organs and allows them to slide across one another
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peritoneal cavity
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What is the double layer of peritoneum that provides vascular and nerve supplies to the viscera and holds digestive organs in place and stores fat
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mesentery
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What is the name for the organs outside the preitoneum
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retroperitoneal organs
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The retroperitoneal organs include what
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rectum, anus, esophagus
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The organs surrounded by the peritoneum are called
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peritoneal organs or intraperitoneal organs
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Splanchnic circulation including the the arteries and organs they serve include what
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the hepatic, splenic, and left gastic, spleen, liver, and stomach, interior and superior mesenteric: small and large intestines
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This circulation collects nutrient-rich venous blood from digestive viscera, and delivers this blood to the liver for metabolic processing and storage
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hepatic portal circulation
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Layers of the alimentary canal include what
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mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa or muscularis, and serosa
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This functions to secrete mucus, enzymes and hormones; absorption of end products of digestion into blood; protection against disease
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mucosa
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This is dense connective tissue with blood, lymph and nerves
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submucosa
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This is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation
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muscularis externa or muscularis
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The actual name of the visceral peritoneum is
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Serosa
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What is found between the visceral eand the parietal pleurae
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potential space
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What is composed of two major intrinsic nerve plexuses and regulates glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa. Also involves segmentation and peristalsis in local reflex arcs
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enteric nervous system -
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This cavity is bounded by lips, cheeks, palate and tongue; has the oral orifice as its anterior opening; is continuous with the oropharynx posteriorly
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oral or buccal cavity
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Why is the mouth lined with stratified squamous epithelium and the gums, hard palate and dorsum of tongue are slightyl keratinized
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for protection and to withstand abrasions
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What is the skeletal muscle of lips
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orbicularis oris
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What are the cheek muscles
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buccinators
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This is bound by lips and cheeks externally and teeth and gums internally
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vestibule
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What is the area that lies within the teeth and gums
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oral cavity proper
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What is the median fold that joins the internal aspect of each lip to the gum
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libial frenulum
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What assists the tongue in chewing, is slightly corrugated on either side of the raphe creating friction
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hard palate
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What is the mobile fold mostly made up of skeletal muscle that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing
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soft palate
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Occupies floor of mouth
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tongue
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Functions of this include gripping and repositions food during chewing, mixing food with saliva and forming bolus, intitiation of swallowing and speech
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tongue
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What changes the shape of tongue
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intrinsic muscles
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what alters the tongues positionex
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extrinsic muscles
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What secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth
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lingual frenulum
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These produce and secrete saliva that cleanses mouth, moistens and dissolves food chemicals, aids in bolus formation and contains enzymes that break down starch
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salivary glands
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What are the three pairs of extrinsic glands
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parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
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Where are the intrinsic salivary glands or buccal glands
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scattered throughout the oral mucosa
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This gland lies anterior to the ear between masseter muscle and skin
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parotid duct - opens into vestibule next to second upper molar
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This gland lies along the medial aspect of the mandibular body
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submandibular - ducts open at the base of the lingual frenulum
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This gland lies anterior to submandibular gland under the tongue
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sublingual - opens via 10-12 ducts into the floor of the mouth
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This is secreted from serous and mucous cells of salivary glands
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saliva
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Saliva is 97-99.5% water, hypo-osmotic, slightly acidic solution containing what
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electrolytes, digestive enzyme (salivary amylase), proteins (mucin, lysozyme, defensins), and metabolic waste (urea and uric acid)
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What controls salivation?
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intrinsic glands keep the mouth moist, extrinsic salivary glands secrete serous, enzyme-rich saliva
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Extrinsic salivary glands secrete serous, enzyme-rich saliva in response to what
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ingested food which stimulates chemoreceptors and pressoreceptors, the thought of food
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Strong sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivation and results in what?
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dry mouth
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Primary and permanenet dentitions teeth have formed by what age
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21
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How many deciduous teeth erupt between 6-24 months
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20
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Permanent teeth enlarge and develop causing the root of the deciduous teeth to be reabsorbed and fall out between what ages
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6-12
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There are usually how many permanent teeth
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32
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All but which molars have erupted by end of adolecence
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thiid molars
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These are chisel shaped teeth adapted for cutting and nipping
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incosors
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These are conical or fang-like teeth that tear or peirce
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canines
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These teeth have broad crowns with rounded tips and are best suited for grinding or crushing
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premolars (bicuspids or molars)
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During chewing, which teeth lock together generating crushing force
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upper and lower molars
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What are the two main regions of tooth
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crown and root
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What is the exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva (gum)
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crown
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what is the acellular brittle material composed of calcium, salts and hydroxyapatitie crystals that is the hardest substance in the body
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enamel - encapsulates crown of tooth
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portion of tooth embedded in jawbone
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root
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Gradual demineralization of enamel and dentin by bacterial action
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dental caries
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Dental plaque, a film of sugar, bacteria, and mouth debris adheres to teeth
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dental caries
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The name for tooth and gum disease is
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peridontitis
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What is it called when plaque accumulates and forms calculus or tartar disrupting the seal between gingiva and teet,h and puts gums at risk for infection
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gingivitis
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Serious gum disease resulting from an immune response with risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, and oral tongue or lip piercing
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peridontitis
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Accounts for 80-90% of tooth loss and 95% of people over 35 have it
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gingivitis
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This structure is from the mouth and the oro and laryngopharynx allow passage of food and fluids to the esophagus and air to the trachea
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pharynx
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The pharynx is lined with what type of cells and what type of glands
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stratified squamous epithelium and mucus glands
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What are the two muscle layers of the pharynx
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inner longitudinal and outer pharyngeal constrictors
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What is the muscular tube going from the laryngopharynx to the stomach
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esophagus
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This travels through the mediastinum and pierces the diaphragm
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esophagus
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The esophagus joins the stomach at the what
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cardiac orifice
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What do glands secrete as volus moves through esophagus
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mucus
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The empty esophagus is folded longitudinally and flattens when what
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food is present
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List the digestive functions of the mouth
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food is ingested, chewing or mechanical digestion begins, propulsion is initiated by swallowing, salivary amylase begins to chemically break down of starch, the pharynx and esophagus serve as conduits to pass food from mouth to stomach
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This function involves the coordinated activity of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and the esophagus and 22 separate muscles
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swallowing or deglutition
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During what phase is the bolus forced in to oropharyx
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buccal phase
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This phase of swallowing is controlled by the medulla and lower pons
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pharyngeal esophageal phase which all routes but the digestive tract are sealed off
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This process moves the food through the pharynx to the esophagus
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peristalsis
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When the chemical breakdown of food takes place in stomach it is converted to
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chyme
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This region surrounds the cardiac orifice
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cardiac region
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What is the dome shaped region below the diaphragm called
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fundus
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The midportion of the stomach is called what
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body
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What area is made up of the antrum and canal which terminates at the pylorus
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pyloric region
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What is the entire extent of the of the convex lateral stomach called
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greater curvature
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What is the concave medial surface of the stomach called
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lesser curvature
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What runs from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach
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lesser omentun
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What drapes inferiorly from the great curvature of the stomach to the small intestine
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greater omentum
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What microscopic structure has an additional oblique layer that allows the stomach to churn, mix and pummel food, physically breaking it down into smaller fragments
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muscularis
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In the muscularis, what structure contains gastric glands that secrete gastric juices, mucus, and gastrin
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gastric pits
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Gastric glands of the fundus and body have a variety of what kinds of cells
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mucous neck cells (secrete acid mucus) and parietal cells (secrete HCI and intrinsic factor)
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To keep the stomach from digesting itself, it has a what
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mucosal barrier
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What has a thick coat of bicarbonate-rich mucus on the stomach wall, epithelial cells that are joined by tight junctions and gastric glands that have cells impermeable to HCI?
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mucosal barrier
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What type of damaged cells are quickly replaced in the stomach
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epithelial cells
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What re the functions of the stomach
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holds ingested food, degrades food both physically and chemically, delivers chyme to the small intestine, enzymatically digests proteins with pepsin, secretes intrinsic factor required for vitamin B-12 absorption
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Neural and hormone mechanisms regulates the release of what in the stomach
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gastric juices
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Stimulatory and inhibitory events in the stomach occur in what three phases
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cephalic, gastric phase, intestinal phase
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The cephalic or reflex phase occurs when
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prior to food entry
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When does the gastric phase occur in the stomach
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once food enters the stomach
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When does the intestinal phase of the stomach occur
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as partially digested food enters the duodenum
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What are the excitatory events that take place in the cephalic phase in stomach
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sight, smeall or thought of food, stimulation of taste and smell receptors
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What are the inhibitory events in the cephalic phase in stomach
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loss of appetite or depression, decrease in stimulation of the parasympathetic division
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What re the excitatory events in the gastric phase in stomach
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stomach distention, activation of stretch receptors (neural), activation of chemoreceptors, release of gastrin to the blood
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What are the inhibitory events of the gastric phase in stomach
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a ph lower than 2, emotional upset that overrides the parasympathetic division
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What are the events that take place in the excitatory phase of the stomach
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low ph, partially digested food enters the duodenum and encourages gastric gland activity. i.e. pyloric sphincter opening and closing
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What are the events that take place in the inhibitory phase of the stomach
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distention of duodenum, presence of fatty, acidic, or hypertonic chyme, and/or irritatants in the dudenum;
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What phase of gastric regulation of stomach includes initiates inhibition of local reflexes and vagal nuclei, closes the pyloric sphincter and releases enterogastrones that inhibit gastric secretion
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Inhibitory intestinal phase
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Stomach pressure remains constant until about how much food is ingested
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1L
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The relative unchanging pressure in the stomach results from what
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reflex-mediated relaxation and plasticity
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Reflex mediated events include what two things
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receptive relaxation and adaptive relaxation
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What is receptive relaxation in the stomach
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as food travels in the esophagus, stomach muscles relax
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What is adaptive relaxation in stomach
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the stomach dialates in response to gastric filling
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Peristalic waves move toward the pyloris at what rate
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3 per minute
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Where doe the most vigorous peristalsis and mixing occur
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near the pylorus --near small intestine
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This substance is either delivered in small amounts to the duodenum or forced backwards into stomach for further mixing
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chyme
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The process of moving food backwards in the digestive tract is called what
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segmentation
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The cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases include what organ.
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cephalic - brain, gastric - stomach, intestinal - intestines
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Gastric emptying is regulated by what
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neural enterogastric reflex (midbrain from medulla pons), and hormonal (enterogastrone) mechanisms
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What mechanisms inhibit gastric secretion and duodenal filling
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neural enterogastric reflex (midbrain from medulla pons), and hormonal (enterogastrone) mechanisms
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Carbohydrate-rich chyme quickly moves through what
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duodenum
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Fat-laden chyme is digested more slowly causing what
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food to remain in the stomach longer
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All absorption takes place where
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small intestine
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What structure runs from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve
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small intestine
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What are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine
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duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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What extends from duodenum to ileum
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jejunum
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What joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve
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ileum
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In the microscopic anatomy of the small intestine, what are the deep circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa called
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Plicae circulares (the largest plicae)
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In the microscopic anatomy of the small intestine, what are the fingerlike extensions called
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villi
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In the microscopic anatomy of the small intestine, what are the tiny projections of absorptive mucosal cells' plasma membranes called
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microvilli
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What is secreted by intestinal glands in response to distention or irritation of the muccosa
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intestinal juice
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Is intestinal juice slightly alkaline or sligtly acidic
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slightly alkaline
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Intestinal juice is isotonic with what substance
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blood plasma
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What substance is made up of mostly water, is enzyme poo, but contains mucus
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intestinal juice
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What is the largest gland in the body
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liver
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How long is the small intestine
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20 feet
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How long is the duodenum
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10 inches
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What is the diameter of the small intestine
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1 to 1 1/2 inches
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How many lobes does liver have
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4 - right, left, caudate and quadrate
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What separates at the right and left lobes anteriorly of the liver
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falciform ligament
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What suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
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falciform ligament
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Bile leaves the liver via the what
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bile ducts which fuse into the common hepatic duct
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What two ducts form the bile duct
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the common hepatic duct, cystic duct
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In the microscopic anatomy of the liver, what are the structural and functional units of the liver
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hexagonal-shaped liver lobules
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What is composed of hepatocyte (liver cells) plates and radiate outward from central vein of liver
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hexagonal-shaped liver lobules
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in the microscopic anatomy of liver, what are found at each of the six corners of each liver lobule
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portal triads
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How is bile regulated after we eat fat
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fat pours into duodenum; releases enzyme cholecystokinen (CCK); tells smooth muscle of GB to contract; squeezes out bile; bile goes to duodenum to emulsify fat
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In the microscopic anatomy of liver, portal triads consist of what
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hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein, and bile duct
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What supplies oxygen rich blood to the liver
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hepatic artery
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What carries venous blood with nutrients from digestive viscers
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hepatic portal vein
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In the microscopic anatomy of the liver, the hepatocytes functions include what
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production of bile, processing bloodborne nutrients, storage of fat soluable vitamins (ADEK), detoxification, phagocytes producing macrophages to clean up old RBC
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What is an alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes
|
bile
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What are cholesterol derivatives that emulsify fat, facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption and help solubilize cholesterol
|
bile salts
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What is the chief bile pigment called that is a waste product of heme (hemoglobin breakdown)
|
bilirubin
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What is the main function of bile?
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emulsify fat
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What structure is a thin-walled, green muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver
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gallbladder
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What structure stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions
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gallbladder
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What structure releases bile via the cystic duct which then flow into bile duct
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gallbladder
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What is the main function of liver
|
detoxifying
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List several functions of the liver
|
detoxifying, forms bile, stores glycogen, stores vitamins (A, K, E, B-12), in fetus liver forms RBC, forms plasmic protiens, gives up macrophages to detroy old RBC, detoxifies nitrous wastes
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Acidic fatty chyme causes the duodenum to release what into the bloodstream
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cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin which break down chyme
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What stimulates liver to produce bile
|
bile salts and secretin transported in blood
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What substance causes the gallbladder to contract
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cholecystokinin (CCK)
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What causes the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax allowing bile to enter duodenum
|
cholecystokinin (CCK)
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What structure lies deep to the greater curvature of the stomach
|
pancreas
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What structure is encircled by the duodenum and the tail abuts the spleen
|
pancreas
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The exocrine function of the pancreas
|
secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down food
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What are the clusters of secretory cells called in the pancreas (exocrine function) that contain zygomen granules with digestive enzymes
|
Acini
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What is the endocrine function of the pancreas
|
release of insulin and glugagon
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Pancreatic juice is a water solution of enzymes and electrolytes that does what
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neutralizes acid chyme, provides environment for pancreatic enzymes
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Enzymes from the pancreas are released in inactive form and activated where
|
duodenum
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Active enzymes secreted by the pancreas require ions or bile for optimal activity. What are the three active enzymes
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amylase, lipases, and nucleases
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Cholesystokinin (CCk) is made where
|
gallbladder and pancreas
|
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In the regulation of pancreatic secretion, what is released when fatty of acidic chyme enters the duodenum
|
secretin and CCK
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CCK enters the bloodstream and upon reaching the pancreas, CCK induces the secretion of what enzyme-rich substance
|
pancreatic juice
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What kind of stimulation causes release in the pancreas
|
vagal stimulation
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The pancreas provides CCK which helps to break down products where
|
duodenum
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What happens during digestion in small intestine as chymer enters duodenum
|
carbs and proteins are partially digested, no fat digestion has taken place, chyme is released slowly into duodenum, mixing is required for proper digestion, virtually all nutrient absorption takes place
|
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What is the most common motion of the small intestine
|
segmentation
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What is initiated by intrinsic pacemaker cells in small intestine
|
segmentation
|
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When segmentation takes place in small intestine it moves contents steadily toward the what
|
ileocecal valve
|
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What happens after nutrients have been absorbed by small intestine
|
peristalsis begins with each wave starting distal to the previous; meal remnants, bacteria, mucosal cells, and debris are moved into the large intestine
|
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What coordinates intestinal motility in the GI tract
|
local enteric neurons
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What causes contraction and shortening of muscle layer and distention of the intestine
|
cholinergic neurons
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What relaxes the ileocecal spinchter and allows chyme to pass into the large intestine
|
gastroileal reflex and gastrin
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Large intestine has three unique features. List them
|
teniae coil, haustra, epiploic appendages
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What are the three bands in large intestine called
|
teniae coli
|
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what are the pocketlike sacs caused by muscle tone in the large intestine called
|
haustra
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What are fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum called in the large intestine
|
epiploic appendages
|
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What structure is subdivided into cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal
|
large intestine
|
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Where does the saclike cecum lie in the large intestine that contains wormlike veriform appendix
|
below ileocecal valve in the right iliac fossa
|
|
The colon has 6 distinct regions. Name them
|
ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
|
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The transverse and sigmoid portions are anchored via menenteries called what
|
mesocolons
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The sigmoid colon joins the what
|
rectum
|
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What is the last segment of the large intestine that opens to the exterior of the anus
|
the anal canal
|
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What do the three valves of the rectum do
|
stop feces from being passed with gas
|
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The anus has two sphincters. What are they and what kind of muscle are they made of
|
internal anal sphincter - smooth muscle; external anal sphincter - skeletal muscle
|
|
The anal sphincters remain closed unless during what
|
defecation
|
|
The bacteria flora of the large intestine consist of
|
bacteria surviving the small intestine that enters cecum and those entering the anus
|
|
What do the bacteria flora of the large intestine do
|
colonize colon, ferment indigestible carbs, release irritating gases and acids (flatulence), synthesizes B complex vitamins and vitamin k
|
|
Funtions of the large intestine/colon
|
other than digestion of enteric bacteria no further digestion takes place; vitamins, water and electrolytes are reclaimed; propulsion of fecal matter toward anus; not essential for life
|
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What are slow segmenting movements that move contents of the colon called
|
haustral contractions
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|
Haustra sequentially contract as they are stimulated by what in the colon
|
distention
|
|
The presence of food in stomach activates what in large intestine
|
gastrocolic reflex
|
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The presence of food in stomach initiates what process to force contents toward rectum
|
peristalsis
|
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Distention of rectal walls caused by feces stimulate what 2 processes
|
contraction of the rectal walls; relaxes internal anal sphincter
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Distention of rectal walls relaxes what for defecation to occur
|
external anal sphincter
|
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Do voluntary or involuntary signals stimulate relaxation of the external sphincter
|
voluntary
|
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In chemical digestion, what enzymes are used to breakdown carbs
|
salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and brush border enzymes
|
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In chemical digestion, what enzymes are used to breakdown proteins in stomach
|
pepsin
|
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In chemical digestion, what enzymes are used to breakdown fat
|
bile salts, pancreatic lipase
|
|
In chemical digestion, absorption via what takes place into intestinal cells
|
diffusion
|
|
Up to how much food, drink, and GI secretions enters the GI tract daily
|
10L
|
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Of the 10L of food, drink, and GI secretions entering the GI tract daily, how much reaches the large intestine
|
1L or less
|
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Virtually all food, 80% of electrolytes and water are absorbed by the what
|
small intestine
|
|
It is nearly impossible to exceed what capacity of the GI tract
|
absorptive capacity
|
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All the remains at the end of the illeum is what
|
some water, indigestible food and millions of bacteria
|
|
The debris from the small intestine is passed on to what
|
large intestine
|
|
How much water enters the small intestine daily
|
9L mostly derived from GI trcat secretions
|
|
What is the most abundant substance in chyme
|
water
|
|
95% of water is absorbed in small intestine by what process
|
osmosis
|
|
normal rate of water absorption is what
|
300-400ml per hour
|
|
water moves in both directions across what
|
intestinal mucosa
|
|
What occurs from anything that interferes with delivery of bile or pancreatic juice
|
malabsorption
|
|
What occurs from damage to the intestinal mucosa (bacterial infection)
|
malabsorption
|
|
What happens as a result of Gluten enteropathy (adult celiac disease)
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gluten damages the intestinal villi and reduces the length of miltivilli so malabsorption occurs
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How is celiac disease treated
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elimination of all grains but corn and rice
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During fetal life nutrition is via the what
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placenta
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What causes maturation of the GI tract in fetus
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swallowing of amniotic fluid
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At birth, feeding is the the most important function and is enhanced by what
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rooting reflex which aids in swallowing
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Digestive problems has few problems until when
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old age
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During old age what happens to GI tract
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activity declines, absorption is less efficient and peristalsis is slowed
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Does GI cancer have early signs?
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No, not usually
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Mestastasized colon cancer frequently causes what
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secondary liver cancer
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Prevention of GI cancer is by regular what
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dental and medial exams
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Colon cancer is the what largest cause of cancer deaths in males
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2nd (lung cancer is 1st)
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GI cancer forms from benign mucosal tumors called what that increases with age
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polyps
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Regular colon exams should be done for all those over what age
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50
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