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Alfred Adler

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Founder of Individual Psychology Among Adler’s chief contributions are the importance of birth order in the formation of personality, the impact of neglect or pampering on child development, the notion of a "self perfecting" drive within human beings, and the idea that one must study and treat the patient as a "whole person." Other important tenets of Adler's theory are the idea that individuals create a "fiction" or story about themselves in childhood that guides their perceptions and choices throughout life, and that the ability to work with others for a common good was the hallmark of sound mental health.

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Havelock Ellis

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Studies in the Psychology of Sex Victorian sexologist, his Studies in the Psychology of Sex is the first such work to describe sex in a detached, objective manner rather than pathologically. He co-wrote the first medical text in English about homosexuality. Ellis also wrote on the subject of gender and transgender identity. His work was essential in developing the psychoanalytical concepts of autoeroticism and narcissism. Although Ellis’s work has had a lasting impact on the development of understanding of contemporary sexuality, Havelock Ellis was also a believer of the nineteenth century theories of eugenics. Like many early adopters of the theories of eugenics, Havelock Ellis was contemporary and progressive in his consideration of the subject. He was the president of the Galton Institute.

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Anna Freud

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Daughter of Sigmund Freud Anna Freud created the field of child psychoanalysis and her work contributed greatly to our understanding of child psychology. She also developed different techniques to treat children. Freud noted that children’s symptoms differed from those of adults and were often related to developmental stages. She also provided clear explanations of the ego's defense mechanisms in her book The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936). She spent much of her career identifying the needs of children and providing methods by which to meet those needs. She focused on helping children create meaningful bonds, and continued studying children as they grew through ego psychology.

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Kenneth B. Clark

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Studied the effects of prejudice on children Psychologist Kenneth B. Clark is best known for his studies on race relations, most of which were conducted with his wife, psychologist Mamie Phipps Clark. While working at City College of New York they developed their famous "doll tests," in which children were given black and white dolls to play with, and asked to indicate which dolls they would prefer to play with. The tests were administered to children in several communities of differing economic and racial complexion, and the results showed that regardless of community, black children identified with the black dolls, but that children of either race tended to view the white dolls favorably and the black dolls unfavorably.

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Clark L. Hull

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Principles of Behavior Sought to explain learning and motivation by scientific laws of behavior. He is also known for his work in drive theory. Established his analysis of animal learning and conditioning as the dominant learning theory of its time. Hull’s model is expressed in biological terms: Organisms suffer deprivation; deprivation creates needs; needs activate drives; drives activate behavior; behavior is goal directed; achieving the goal has survival value.

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Wolfgang Kohler

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Köhler’s main contribution to the field, Gestalt psychology, has made a lasting impact. Gestalt psychology was a rebellion against Wundt and Titchener’s structuralism theories of perception where experiences were reduced to individual parts, and against behaviorism’s reduction of experiences to simple stimulus-response reflexes. With roots in Husserl’s phenomenology and Kant’s philosophy, Gestalt psychology viewed the perceptual process as the joining of perceptual elements together to form a holistic interpretation of a stimulus, a synergistic collaboration where the parts were far less important than the whole.

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Abraham H. Maslow

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Hierarchy of Needs One of the founders of humanistic psychology, Abraham Maslow is best known for his theory of human motivation centered on self-actualization and the phrase "hierarchy of needs". He maintained that the basic human drive is for self-actualization, the need to fulfill ones full potential (a painter must paint in order to be truly happy, a potentially great teacher must teach, and so on). But, said Maslow, the individual whose basic needs are clamoring to be met finds it harder to achieve self-actualization. (Successful people, he observed, are those who are skilled at balancing their higher order needs.) Furthermore, he claimed, even our most basic needs have an order of importance – therefore we must be able to breathe sufficiently before we can address our thirst, and we must quench our thirst (at least somewhat) before we can give attention to our hunger, etc. (Sexual urges he placed after food.)