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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Peristalsis
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Alternate waves of contractions & relaxations for propulsion
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Segmentation
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Rhythmic, local constrictions of small intestines
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Mastication
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Chewing
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Deglutition
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Swallowing
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Defecation
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Elimination of indigestible substances via the anus (feces).
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Mass Movements
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Long, slow-moving, powerful contractile waves that move over colon 3-4 times a day, forcing everything to rectum
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How many pairs of salivary glands are there?
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3 - 1. Openings of submandibular ducts (2) - 75% of saliva
2. Sublingual glands (2) - 5% of saliva 3. Parotid glands (2) - thicker, more mucus, near ear - 20% of saliva |
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Visceral smooth muscle vs. Ordinary smooth muscle
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Visceral - Organs (stretches)
Ordinary - Blood vessels (can't stretch) |
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What structural modifications allow the digestive epithelia to expand?
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Rugae (wrinkles)
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What is the first line of cellular defense?
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Phagocytes
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What are the roles of the Thoracic Duct and the Right Lymphatic Duct?
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R Lymphatic Duct drains lymph from R upper limb, R of head and thorax.
Thoracic Duct drains lymph from everywhere else. |
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What type of cells does the Thymus produce?
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Mature lymphocytes (T cells?)
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Describe vascular capillaries.
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Contain a basement membrane, smooth, round.
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Describe lymphatic capillaries.
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Begin as "dead ends" or blind pockets, no basement membrane, larger, flatter, fatter, endothelial shingling, lumpy, extremely low pressure, golden fluid.
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Where is the cysterna chyli found?
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At the base of the thoracic duct; it collects lymphatic fluid from the diaphragm.
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Where is the thymus located? What is its fate?
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Above the heart; it enlarges during the first year of life, then shrinks and is eventually replaced with fibrous, fatty tissue.
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What is the main role of lymphocytes (in general)?
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"Main warriors of the immune system"
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Where are lymphocytes found in the body? (Where don't we find them?)
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Everywhere except in the CNS and cornea.
30% of WBCs are lymphocytes. Majority are in: 1. Blood 2. Spleen 3. Thymus |
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Lymphandenitis
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Inflammation of the lymph node. Ex: sore throat.
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Lymphedema
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Severe, localized edema, usually caused by a blockage of lymphatics such as a tumor or removal of lymphatics by surgery.
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Lymphadenopathy
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Any disease of the lymph nodes.
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Explain the Inflammatory Response in detail... what triggers it?
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Triggered by: Histamine, Heparin &/or Seratonin
1. Increased blood flow 2. Phagocytes activated 3. Capillaries get leaky 4. Complement activated 5. Clotting isolates region 6. Increased regional temp 7. Specific defense activated |
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What are the roles of (Interleukins) IL-1 and IL-7?
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IL-1 - Stimulate T cells - endogenous pyrogen - fever inducer.
IL-7 - No one really knows - helps stimulate B cell maturity. |
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Differentiate between Active Immunity (Natural & Induced), Passive Immunity (Natural & Induced) and Innate Immunity.
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Innate - Born with
Active: Natural - Exposed to Ag; Induced - Immunization Passive: Natural - From Mom; Induced - Anti-Sera |
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Where are B cells and NK cells formed?
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Red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
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Where are T cels formed?
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Red bone marrow, then mature in thymus
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What are the structural, functional and biological differences between classes of immunoglobulins?
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IgE - Y-shaped - allergies
IgG - Y-shaped - long-term protection IgD - Y-shaped - activate stimulated B cells IgM - Pentamer (snowflake) - 1st response to new virus/bacteria IgA - Dimer (Ti Fighter) - found in glandular secretions |
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What are the possible biological consequences of an antibody binding to an antigen?
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Neutralization, Aglutenization, Prevention of adhesion, Activating complement
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What are the functions, characteristics, and groupings of HLAs (human leukocyte antigens)?
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MAC Class I - produced by all nucleated cells - stimulate Ts & Tc
MAC Class II - only APCs make this (only when presenting antigens) - sensitize Th or B cells |
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What cell type becomes stimulated when an antigen binds to a Class I - HLA molecule? ... to a Class II - HLA molecule?
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MAC Class I - Ts and Tc
MAC Class II - Th or B cells |
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Mesenteries
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Double layer of peritoneum extending to digestive organs; provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to reach digestive viscera; "Hangers"
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Muscularis muscosae
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Layer of smooth muscle that produces local movements of mucosa - outside lamina propria
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Muscularis externa
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Surrounding submucosa; responsible for segmentation and peristalsis; prevents backflow
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Describe the different types of epithelial linings in various portions of the digestive tract... Which type of epithelia predominates?
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Stratified squamous (mouth & throat & upper esophagus)
Simple columnar (intestines & stomach) Stratified squamous (rectum) |
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Vestibule
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Inside of bottom lip, in front of mouth
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Alveolus
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Socket where tooth lays
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Gingiva
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Gum
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Uvula
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Tissue tag hanging from soft palate at back of mouth
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What is a lacteal and what is its function?
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Wide lymph capillary within each villi; absorb digested food (larger molecules)
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What is the function of plicae and where do they reach maximum size with the most developed villi?
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Increased surface area; Jejunum.
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Where does the small intestine attach to the stomach?
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Pylorus attaches to the duodenum
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Where does the small intestine attach to the large intestine?
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Ileum attaches to the cecum
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What are the functions and secretions of Parietal cells?
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HCl and Intrinsic Factor
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What are the functions and secretions of Chief cells?
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Pepsinogen (inactive protease)
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What are the functions and secretions of G-cells (enteroendocrine cells)?
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H gastrin
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What is the fundus of the stomach?
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The rounded top, where acid is made
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What is the cardia of the stomach?
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Area right after esophagus
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What is the pylorus of the stomach?
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Area right before the pyloric sphincter
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In the stomach, what are the gastric pits?
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Location of the Parietal, Chief & G-cells - where acid is made
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What is the lesser curvature of the stomach?
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The smaller curvature, on the "inside" or "top" of the stomach.
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What is the greater curvature of the stomach?
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The larger curvature, on the "outside" or "bottom" of the stomach
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What is the role of enterokinase?
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It is an enzyme that converts inactive protease to active protease
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Describe the lobes of the liver.
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There are 4: the Right (largest), Left, Caudate and Quadrate.
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What are Kupffer Cells and where are they found?
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Liver - aid in waste removal (phagocytosis)
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What is the role of bile salts?
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Emulsify fats
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What is the role of CCK (cholecystokinase)?
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Stimulates the gall bladder; released by the duodenum.
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What is the role of Gastrin?
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Stimulates the stomach to make HCl.
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What is the role of Secretin?
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Stimulates the pancreas; released by the duodenum.
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What is the role of GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)?
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Stops acid production in stomach.
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What is the Gastric Phase of digestion?
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When food arrives in the stomach.
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What is the Cephalic Phase of digestion?
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Seeing, hearing, smelling or thinking of food.
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What is the Intestinal Phase of digestion?
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Food enters the duodenum as acid chyme for neutralization.
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What happens when acid chyme reaches the duodenum?
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Beginning of Intestinal Phase - lots of CCK & Secretin produced, bile comes in -- Neutralization begins
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What are the Greater and Lesser Omentums? Where are they found and what is their function?
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They are fat "aprons" hanging from greater & lesser curvatures of stomach; provide a route for blood vessels, protect soft tissues and store fat.
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Name the parts of the tooth.
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Crown, Neck, Root; Enamel, Dentin, Pulp Cavity (contains blood vessels & nerves), Root Canal.
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What are the Incisors used for and how many do we have?
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8 (2 in each quad) - clipping ("hatchets")
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What are the Cuspids used for and how many do we have?
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4 (1 in each quad) - tearing ("canines")
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What are the Bicuspids used for and how many do we have?
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8 (2 in each quad) - tearing ("premolars")
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What are the Molars used for and how many do we have?
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12 (3 in each quad) - crushing
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What ligament anchors the tooth to the alveolus of the jaw?
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The periodontal ligament
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What are the 3 stages of swallowing?
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1. Oral (as long as we want)
2. Pharyngeal (<1 second due to closing of epiglottis) 3. Esophageal (<9 seconds) |
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Name the tonsils and how many of each.
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Adenoid (1), Palatine (2), Lingual (2)
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What attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
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Lingual Frenulum
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What is the role of the Tc Cells?
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Cytotoxic - Hand-to-Hand Combat
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What is the role of the Th Cells?
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Helper T-cells - "on switch"
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What is the role of the Ts Cells?
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Suppressor T-Cells - "off switch"
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What is the role of B Cells?
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Chemical warfare - differentiate into plasma cells, which pump out antibodies
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What is the role of NK Cells?
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"Scouts" - they look for cancer, foreign cells and virus-infected cells
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Thymus is to "daycare" as Thymosins are to..
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"Teachers at daycare" - 9 hormones in the thymus that stimulate the growth of the lymphocytes.
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What is the purpose of the soft palate of the mouth?
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Directs food downward & alerts brain to begin acid production in the stomach
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