Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Upon activation of the -adrenergic receptor signaling pathway, there is a sudden increase in the cytosolic concentration of the 2nd messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP). What was the 1st messenger?
a. the -receptor b. a G protein c. epinephrine or norepinephrine d. adenylyl cyclase |
c. epinephrine or norepinephrine
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a 2nd messenger?
a. G protein b. inositol trisphosphate (InsP3) c. diacylglycerol (DAG) d. cyclic AMP (cAMP) |
a. G protein
|
|
|
Which of the following statements concerning adrenergic receptors is true?
a. Adrenergic receptors are activated by acetylcholine. b. Adrenergic receptors are ligand-gated Na+ channels. c. Exposure to norepinephrine is always excitatory (i.e. always elicits membrane depolarization). d. Adrenergic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors. |
d. Adrenergic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors.
|
|
|
Which of the following organs receives sympathetic stimulation, but not parasympathetic stimulation?
a. heart b. stomach c. lungs d. kidneys |
d. kidneys
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT an example of an autonomic reflex?
a. dilation of the iris when entering a darkened room b. sweating of the hands and dryness in the mouth when nervous c. extension of the leg when the patellar tendon is struck d. increasing the heart rate following a sudden drop in blood pressure |
c. extension of the leg when the patellar tendon is struck
|
|
|
The main integrating centers for most autonomic reflexes are in the
a. hypothalamus b. brain stem c. cerebral cortex d. Both A and B are correct. |
d. Both A and B are correct.
|
|
|
The integration centers for defecation and urination reflexes are in the
a. hypothalamus b. brain stem c. cerebellum d. spinal cord |
d. spinal cord
|
|
|
Which of the following may be an effector in an autonomic reflex?
a. smooth muscle b. a gland c. cardiac muscle d. All of the above. |
d. All of the above.
|
|
|
What do all hormones have in common?
a. They are made from amino acids. b. They are bound to transport molecules in the blood. c. They bind to and interact with a receptor in the target cell. d. They use the second messenger mechanism to control the target cell. |
c. They bind to and interact with a receptor in the target cell.
|
|
|
Members of which group of hormones are made from cholesterol?
a. amines b. peptides c. proteins d. steroids |
d. steroids
|
|
|
Which statement is correct?
a. Each endocrine gland secretes only one hormone. b. Each target cell may be capable of responding to several hormones. c. Each hormone affects only one type of target cell. d. The release of all hormones is controlled by other hormones. |
b. Each target cell may be capable of responding to several hormones.
|
|
|
When blood glucose levels decrease, hormone "A" is secreted. Based on this
information, hormone A is controlled by a. changes in the level of a chemical in the blood. b. direct stimulation by the nervous system. c. stimulation by a hormone released from another endocrine gland. d. a hypothalamic releasing factor. |
a. changes in the level of a chemical in the blood.
|
|
|
ACTH secretion is controlled by several factors. Which of these statements
describes negative feedback control of ACTH secretion? a. ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion. b. CRH stimulates ACTH secretion. c. Cortisol inhibits ACTH secretion. d. ACTH inhibits cortisol secretion. |
c. Cortisol inhibits ACTH secretion.
|
|
|
Hormone "A" stimulates the release of hormone "B." As levels of hormone "B"
increase, the secretion of hormone "A" is inhibited. This is an example of a. negative feedback b. positive feedback c. neural control d. amplification |
a. negative feedback
|
|
|
The nervous system regulates the secretion of each of these hormones EXCEPT
a. oxytocin b. parathyroid hormone c. ADH d. epinephrine |
b. parathyroid hormone
|
|
|
In which pair of hormones does the first cause increased secretion of the second?
a. ACTH; cortisol d. FSH; aldosterone c. LH; insulin d. TSH; prolactin |
a. ACTH; cortisol
|
|
|
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to a circulating hormone is dependent upon:
a. nothing… A circulating hormone is distributed throughout the body and will stimulate all cells of the body. b. how distant the tissue is from the endocrine cells that release the hormone c. the presence of an appropriate receptor on (or within) the cells of the target tissue or organ. d. Both B and C are correct. |
c. the presence of an appropriate receptor on (or within) the cells of the target tissue or organ.
|
|
|
Local hormones acting on neighboring cells are referred to as:
a. endocrine hormones b. exocrine hormones c. paracrine hormones d. neuroendocrine hormones |
c. paracrine hormones
|
|
|
When comparing the endocrine system and the nervous system, generally speaking, the endocrine system
a. is faster-acting than the nervous system. b. produces effects that are of shorter duration. c. produces longer lasting effects. d. relies less on chemical signals. |
c. produces longer lasting effects.
|
|
|
A chemical signal released from a cell that has a local effect on the same cell type from which the chemical signal is released is most correctly referred to as a(n)…
a. paracrine hormone b. autocrine hormone c. circulating hormone d. neuroendocrine |
b. autocrine hormone
|
|
|
Which of these may regulate secretion of a hormone from an endocrine tissue?
a. other hormones b. negative-feedback mechanisms c. levels of a non-hormone substance in the blood d. the nervous system e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
|
|
|
Neurohormones are intercellular chemical signals that are
a. produced by groups of cells and affect neurons. b. released by cells and affect other cell types locally. c. produced by neurons and act like hormones. d. released by neurons and stimulate or inhibit other neurons. |
c. produced by neurons and act like hormones.
|
|
|
Estrogen, testosterone, and glucocorticoids are all examples of
a. protein hormones b. glycoprotein hormones c. amino acid derivatives d. steroids |
d. steroids
|
|
|
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones are examples of
a. protein hormones b. glycoprotein hormones c. amino acid derivatives d. steroids |
c. amino acid derivatives
|
|
|
TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH, which stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones inhibit TRH and TSH secretion. This is an example of
a. hormonal regulation of hormone secretion. b. neural regulation of hormone secretion. c. nonhormonal regulation of hormone secretion. |
a. hormonal regulation of hormone secretion.
|
|
|
Given these events:
1. altered metabolism 2. altered gene expression 3. altered membrane potential Which of these events can occur when a hormone binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane? a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1,2,3 |
d. 1,2,3
|
|
|
Secretion of many anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by other hormones from the
a. pancreatic islets b. thyroid gland c. hypothalamus d. adrenal gland |
c. hypothalamus
|
|
|
Osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus are involved in the secretion of
a. GH b. aldosterone c. ADH d. ACTH |
c. ADH
|
|
|
ADH is secreted in response to
a. overhydration b. increased volume of the body fluids c. increased osmotic pressure of the body fluids d. high blood pressure |
c. increased osmotic pressure of the body fluids
|
|
|
GnRH directly stimulates the release of
a. FSH b. estrogen c. progesterone d. testosterone |
a. FSH
|
|
|
Water soluble hormones:
a. circulate freely in the blood. b. must be bound to transport proteins. c. can remain active in the circulation for several hours or days. d. All of the above are correct. |
a. circulate freely in the blood.
|
|
|
Lipid soluble hormones:
a. are bound to transport proteins in the plasma. b. become biologically active only when unbound. c. can remain active in the circulation for several hours or days. d. All of the above are correct. |
d. All of the above are correct.
|
|
|
Which of the following classes of hormones is water-soluble?
a. eicosanoids b. catecholamines c. peptides d. All of the above. |
d. All of the above.
|
|
|
Which of the following classes of hormones is lipid-soluble?
a. steroid hormones b. eicosanoids c. catecholamines d. peptides |
a. steroid hormones
|
|
|
How may hormone secretion be regulated?
a. by the nervous system b. by other hormones c. by changes in blood composition (e.g. low blood glucose) d. All of the above. |
d. All of the above.
|
|
|
Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroid hormones on cells?
a. a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA b. receptors on the membrane surface c. an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of second messengers d. a G protein |
a. a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT associated with the intracellular mechanism of hormone action used by lipid soluble hormones?
a. diffusion through the plasma membrane b. activation of a G protein c. binding to a receptor on DNA d. alteration of gene expression |
b. activation of a G protein
|
|
|
Which of the following properties is more characteristic of peptide hormones than steroid hormones?
a. circulate in plasma bound to carrier proteins b. have a longer half-life in the blood c. bind to receptors located in the cell membrane d. bind to a receptor located in the nucleus of the target cell |
c. bind to receptors located in the cell membrane
|
|
|
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) have opposite effects on the blood Ca2+ level. Therefore, their actions are:
a. synergistic b. permissive c. antagonistic d. repressive |
c. antagonistic
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a lipid-soluble hormone?
a. aldosterone b. thyroid hormone c. prolactin d. cortisol |
c. prolactin
|
|
|
The pituitary gland:
a. consists of two lobes, the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis. b. is protected within the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone. c. Consists of 2 embryologically distinct tissues. d. All of the above. |
d. All of the above.
|
|
|
The posterior pituitary gland:
a. is also called the adenophysis. b. contains axon terminals of neurons that originate in the hypothalamus. c. is stimulated to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin by trophic hormones from the hypothalamus. d. releases anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin into the hypophyseal portal system. |
b. contains axon terminals of neurons that originate in the hypothalamus.
|
|
|
The posterior pituitary releases
a. follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone b. cortisol and aldosterone c. anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin d. prolactin and oxytocin |
c. anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
|
|
|
Which of the following statements regarding follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are TRUE?
a. LH and FSH are secreted only in females. b. Both LH and FSH secretion is stimulated by the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) into the hypophyseal portal system by the hypothalamus. c. The effects of FSH and LH are antagonistic. d. In females, LH and FSH are secreted by the ovaries during ovulation. |
b. Both LH and FSH secretion is stimulated by the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) into the hypophyseal portal system by the hypothalamus.
|
|
|
Which of the following hormones is correctly matched to its source and function(s)?
a. oxytocin: anterior pituitary; stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth b. antidiuretic hormone (ADH): posterior pituitary; increases urine production c. prolactin: anterior pituitary; stimulates milk letdown d. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): anterior pituitary; stimulates the production and secretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex in response to stress |
d. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): anterior pituitary; stimulates the production and secretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex in response to stress
|
|
|
The thyroid gland:
a. contains follicular cells that secrete calcitonin. b. contains parafollicular cells that secrete T3/T4. c. helps regulate metabolism and the plasma Ca2+ concentration. d. is embedded within the parathyroid gland. |
c. helps regulate metabolism and the plasma Ca2+ concentration.
|
|
|
Which of the following would be consistent with an increased level of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 in the blood?
a. increased metabolic rate b. decreased body temperature c. decreased blood Ca2+ d. decreased blood fatty acids |
a. increased metabolic rate
|
|
|
Calcitonin:
a. is synthesized by the parathyroid glands b. stimulates the kidneys to produce the active form of vitamin D c. decreases blood Ca2+ levels d. acts synergistically with calcitriol |
c. decreases blood Ca2+ levels
|
|
|
How does PTH act to increase blood Ca2+ levels?
a. by increasing osteoclast activity b. by increasing the reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys c. by increasing renal excretion of HPO42- d. All of the above. |
d. All of the above.
|
|
|
The adrenal glands
a. lie superior to the kidneys b. are composed of 2 embryologically distinct tissues c. have an outer cortex that secretes hormones critical to maintenance of homeostasis d. All of the above. |
d. All of the above.
|
|
|
Which of the following is classified as a glucocorticoid?
a. estradiol b. testosterone c. epinephrine d. cortisol |
d. cortisol
|
|
|
Mineraolocoritoicds are
a. steroid hormones that affect glucose metabolism b. steroid hormones that affect the electrolyte composition of body fluids c. hormones that increase the rate of protein catabolism d. hormones that increase body temperature |
b. steroid hormones that affect the electrolyte composition of body fluids
|
|
|
Aldosterone:
a. is classified as a glucocorticoid b. is secreted in response to elevated blood pressure c. is responsible for increased retention of Na+ by the kidneys d. is released from the adrenal cortex in response to direct stimulation by renin |
c. is responsible for increased retention of Na+ by the kidneys
|
|
|
Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of events that would occur upon a significant decrease in blood pressure?
1. Angiotensinogen is cleaved to produce angiotensin I. 2. Na+ is recovered from the urine. 3. The kidneys secrete the enzyme renin into the blood. 4. The adrenal cortex releases aldosterone. 5. Angiotensin I is cleaved to produce angiotensin II. a. 4, 1, 5, 3, 2 b. 1, 5, 3, 4, 2 c. 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 d. 1, 5, 4, 3, 2 |
c. 3, 1, 5, 4, 2
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT an effect of cortisol?
a. increases proteolysis in muscle fibers b. increases gluconeogenesis in the liver c. increases lipolysis in adipose tissue d. increases glycogen synthesis in the liver |
d. increases glycogen synthesis in the liver
|
