A&p 2 Lecture: Chapter 23: Digestive System

Front 1

What are the 6 essential activities of the Digestive System?

Back 1

Fx:
1. Ingestion
2. Propulsion
3. Mechanical Digestion - No chemical change
4. Chemical Digestion
5. Absorption
6. Defecation

Front 2

Ingestion

Back 2

Ingestion - taking food into the digestive tract

Front 3

Propulsion

Back 3

Prppulsion - swallowing and peristalis

Front 4

Mechanical Digestion

Back 4

Mechanical digestion - chewing, mixing, and churning of food

Front 5

Chemical Digestion

Back 5

Chemical digestion - catabolic breakdown of food

Front 6

Absorption

Back 6

Absorption - movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph

Front 7

Defecation

Back 7

Defecation - elimnation of indigestible solid wastes

Front 8

Histology of the Alimentary Canal

Back 8

1. Mucosa: villi
2. Sub Mucosa
3. Muscularis
4. Serosa

Front 9

Mouth

Back 9

Mucosa is Stratified Squamous Epithileal
Muscularis is voluntary

Front 10

Tongue

Back 10

Muscle covered by Modified Stratified Squamous

Front 11

salivary glands

Back 11

Secrete a quart daily

Front 12

Functions of the Saliva

Back 12

Cleansing, Moistening, Dissolving, Chemical digestion

Front 13

What are the 3 pairs of large glands and functions?

Back 13

Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual.
Produce mucous and enzymes

Front 14

Saliva secretion is stimulated by?

Back 14

Taste, Feel, Smell, Sight, Sound, Thought of food.

Front 15

Teeth Dentitions - Deciduous (milk) teeth

Back 15

Incisors (6-8 mos)
Lateral (8-10 mos)
Canine (eye tooth) (16-20 mos)
Molars -1st molar (10-15 mos)
2nd Molar - (about 2 yr)

Front 16

Teeth Dentitions - Permanent Teeth

Back 16

Incisors Central (7 yr)
Lateral (8 yr)
Canine (eyetooth) (11 yr)
Pre Molars (bicuspids) 1st premolar
Molars - 1st molar (6-7 yr)
2nd molar (12-13 yr)
Third molar (wisdom teeth) 17-25 yr)

Front 17

Tooth Structure - Crown

Back 17

Crown - Enamal, Dentin, Dentinal tubules, Pulp cavity (contains blood vessels and nerves)

Front 18

Tooth Structure - Neck

Back 18

Space between the Crown and the Root

Front 19

Tooth Structure - Root

Back 19

Gingiva (gum), Cementum, Root Canal, Periodontal ligament, Apical Foramen, Bone

Front 20

Histology of the Esophagus

Back 20

1. Mucosa (contains a stratified squamous epithelium)2. Submucosa (areolar connective tisuue)
3. Lumen
4. Muscularis externa : circular layer; longitudianl layer
5. Adventitia (fibrous connective tissue)

Front 21

Deglutition - Swallowing

Back 21

Esophagus - Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Front 22

Superior muscle of the esophagus is

Back 22

Skeletal

Front 23

Inferior muscle of the esophagus is

Back 23

Smooth

Front 24

Hiatal Hernia

Back 24

Mentioned in class will edit

Front 25

Stomach

Back 25

Volume - about 1 gal, average food time 4 hours (fat longer), has a n extra muscle layer (oblique) for mixing

Front 26

Pyloric Sphincter

Back 26

stronger than cardiac valve

Front 27

Mucosa :

Back 27

Coll. Epithelieum with gastric glands

Front 28

4 cells of the Mucosa
fig. 23-15

Back 28

Chief - Pepsigen
Parietal - HCL and Intrinsic factor
Mucous - Mucus
Enteroendocrine - Gastrin, Secretin, CCK

Front 29

Stomach - Protected by?

Back 29

1. Mucus
2. Inactive Enzyme
3. Tight Junctions
4. Rapid cell trunover

Front 30

Stomach - functions

Back 30

1. Storage
2. Mechanical Digestion
3. Destruction of Bacteria
4. Chemical digestion of proteins
5. Absorption (aspirin, water, sugar and alcohol)
6. Production of Intrinsic factor (vital)

Front 31

What are the 3 phases of gastric control?

Back 31

1.Cephalic
2.Gastric
3. Intestinal - endogastric reflex and enterogasterone

Front 32

Small Intestine

Back 32

most digestion and most absorption of food occurs here

Front 33

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

Back 33

1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. ILeum

Front 34

Gallbladder

Back 34

1. Mucosa with folds
2. Right and left hepatic ducts of the liver
3. Common hepatic duct
4. Bile duct and sphincter
5. Cystic duct

Front 35

Pancreas

Back 35

1. Accessory pancreatic duct
2. Main pancreatic duct and sphincter
3. Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter
4. Major duodenal papilla

Front 36

Mucosa:

Back 36

Coll. Epi with goblet cells

Front 37

mucosas 3 modifications for absorption

Back 37

1. Plicae circulares
2. Villi
3. Microvilli

Front 38

some enzymes are produced by

Back 38

Microvilli, others by Crypts of Lieberkuhn between the villi

Front 39

Where are Peyer's Patches found?

Back 39

ileum

Front 40

most digested food enters through?

Back 40

Capillaries of Villi

Front 41

Most larger fatty acids enter through?

Back 41

Lymph via Villi Lacteals

Front 42

Liver

Back 42

largest of the intestinal organs (2 lbs)

Front 43

liver has many functions

Back 43

the liver has 200 functions including storage, metabolism, detoxification. digestive role is relatively minor

Front 44

what does the liver secrete for fat emulsification

Back 44

bile

Front 45

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

Back 45

Right, Left, Quadrate and Caudate

Front 46

Microscopy anatomy of the liver

Back 46

Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

Front 47

Gall Bladder

Back 47

for concentration and storage of bile

Front 48

Gall bladder is stimulated by?

Back 48

Cholecystokinin

Front 49

Pancreas:

Back 49

remember (insulin and glucagon)

Front 50

Pancreas HCO3

Back 50

stimulated by secretin

Front 51

Pancreas Enzymes

Back 51

stimulated by pancreozymin

Front 52

Pancreas secretion

Back 52

secreting cells are the cells of acini

Front 53

Large intestine (colon)

Back 53

5ft x 2 inches

Front 54

Large intestine mucosa is

Back 54

plain columnar with no villi
(anal canal is stratified squamous)

Front 55

Large intestine longitudinal muscle is in

Back 55

3 bands, teniae coli ( forms Haustra)

Front 56

large intestine has no secretion of?

Back 56

enzymes, however there is a lot of mucus.

Front 57

Large intestine main function?

Back 57

for water and vitamin absorption
bacteria make Vitamins k, B12, etc.

Front 58

Movements of the Large intestine?

Back 58

Haustral Churning, Mass movements (about 3 times daily), move feces into rectum and accompanied by defacatory desire.

Front 59

Anal Canal has 2 sphincters?

Back 59

Internal - involuntary
External - voluntary

Front 60

defecation occurs as a result of?

Back 60

open anal sphincters and abdominal pressure. Close epiglotis (Valsava)

Front 61

feces primarily consists of?

Back 61

Water, Cellulose, Mucus and Bacteria

Front 62

Chemical digestion

Back 62

Pasta, grains etc. 40-80% of diet primarily for energy excess glygogen 4cal/gm
STRIVE FOR FIVE

Front 63

Chemical Digestion

Back 63

2 amino acids/ 8 essential structural and functional proteins.

Front 64

Most animal proteins are complete?

Back 64

which means they have all the essential Amino acids

Front 65

most plant proteins are incomplete?

Back 65

corn lacks Lysine and isoleucine.
(corn and beans) together they are ok

Front 66

most plant proteins are incomplete?

Back 66

beans lack tryptophan and methionine (corn and beans) together they are ok

Front 67

most plant proteins are incomplete?

Back 67

Pure vegetarians need to be careful in planning their diet

Front 68

most plant proteins are incomplete?

Back 68

excess protein is deaminated and used for energy

Front 69

most plant proteins are incomplete?

Back 69

15% protein is enough or 0.8 gm/kg body weight

Front 70

Chemical Digestion

Back 70

30% or less of diet energy and functional Sat vs Unsat

Front 71

Chemical Digestion

Back 71

Cholesterol 300mg or less/day - not a dietary essential

Front 72

Stages of Metabolism?

Back 72

Stage 1 - digestion in GI tract lumen

Front 73

Stages of Metabolism?

Back 73

Stage 2 - Anabolism and formation of catabolic intermediates within tissues cells

Front 74

Stages of Metabolism?

Back 74

Stage 3 - Oxidative breakdown in mitochondriaof tissue cells

Front 75

Krebs Cycle:

Back 75

NADH=3 ATP/FADH=2 ATP

Front 76

A WELL-BALANCED DIET SHOULD

Back 76

FURNISH PLENTY OF ALL VITAMINS & MINERALS

Front 77

WOMEN WHO

Back 77

MENUSTRATE, ARE PREGNANT, OR WHO ARE LACTATING NEED SPECIAL CONSIDERATION

Front 78

VITAMINS A, C, & E

Back 78

ARE SIGNIFICANT ANTIOXIDANTS, THUS ANTICANCER

Front 79

DIETS RICH IN

Back 79

CABBAGE, BROCCOLI, & BRUSSELS SPROUTS ARE RECOMMENDED

Front 80

VITAMIN: A

Back 80

EYES,EPITHELIUM,ANTIOXIDANT USUALLY YELLOW

Front 81

VITAMIN: D

Back 81

STEROID,MADE IN SKIN,Ca & P USAGE

Front 82

VITAMIN: E

Back 82

ANTIOXIDANT

Front 83

VITAMIN: K

Back 83

BLOOD CLOTTING

Front 84

VITAMIN: C

Back 84

MOST EASILY DESTROYED,CITRUS, ETC. COLLAGEN, PRODUCTION, HEALING, ANTIOXIDANT

Front 85

VITAMIN: B1

Back 85

KREBS' CYCLE, 3C TO 2C

Front 86

VITAMIN: B2

Back 86

KREBS' CYCLE, FAD

Front 87

VITAMIN: Niacin

Back 87

KREBS' CYCLE, INHIBITS CHOLESTEROL

Front 88

VITAMIN: B6

Back 88

AMINO ACID METABOLISM

Front 89

VITAMIN: PANTOTHENTIC ACID

Back 89

KREBS' CYCLE, PART OF CoE A

Front 90

VITAMIN: BIOTIN

Back 90

KREBS' CYCLE, DEAMINATION

Front 91

VITAMINS: B12

Back 91

DNA SYNTHESIS,PERNICIOUS ANEMIA,I.F. FOR ABSORPTION, STORED IN LIVER

Front 92

VITAMINS: FOLIC ACID

Back 92

DNA SYNTHESIS

Front 93

MINERALS FACTS: Ca

Back 93

2% BODY WEIGHT,1/2 TOTAL, CLOTTING, BONES/TEETH, N & M ACTIONS, DEFICIENCES, MILK

Front 94

MINERALS FACTS: P

Back 94

1/4 TOTAL, NUCLEOTIDES, BONES/TEETH, INTRACELLULAR ANION

Front 95

MINERALS FACTS: K

Back 95

INTRACELLULAR CATION,OSMOSIS,N & M ACTIONS

Front 96

MINERALS FACTS: S

Back 96

PROTEINS

Front 97

MINERALS FACTS: Na

Back 97

EXTRACELLULAR CATION, OSMOSIS, EDEMA, HYPERTENSION

Front 98

MINERALS FACTS: C1

Back 98

EXTRACELLULAR ANION,HCl

Front 99

MINERALS FACTS: Fe

Back 99

HEMOGLOBIN,DEFICIENCES (ANEMIA)

Front 100

MINERALS FACTS: I

Back 100

THYROID,IODIZED SALT

Front 101

Mineral Facts: Zn

Back 101

ENZYMES, WOUND HEALING, ALSO FOR ENZYME ACTIVATION, ETC

Front 102

Mineral Facts: NEED SMALL AMOUNTS OF--

Back 102

Mg, Mn, Cu, Co, F, & OTHERS