A&p 2 Lab Blood Vessels

Front 1

Blood vessels

Back 1

channels through which blood is distributed to body tissues.

Front 2

How many systems do the vessels make up?

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vessels make up two closed systems of tubes that begin and ends at the heart:

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pulmonary vessels

Back 3

transport blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium.

Front 4

Systemic vessels

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carryblood from the left ventricle to the tissues in all parts of the body and thenreturn the blood to the right atrium.

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What are the types of blood vessels inthe body?

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Arteries, veins, capillaries

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Arteries

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carry blood away from the heart

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Veins

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drain the tissues and return blood to the heart§ Functiononly as conducting vessels!§Arteriolesand venules

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Capillaries

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form the connection between the arteries and veins. Their primaryfunction is the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells.

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Capillaries

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are the smallest and most numerous ofthe blood vessels, form the connection between the arteries and veins. Theprimary function of capillaries is the exchange of materials between the bloodand tissue cells.

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•Capillary distribution varies withthe metabolic activity of body tissues. •Smooth muscle cells in thearterioles where they branch to form capillaries regulate blood flow from thearterioles (smallarteries) into the capillaries.

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Cappilaries

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Tunica intima/interna:

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-most inner layer of arteries/veins. •lineslumen; thin layer of endothelium•Function:helps decrease resistance to blood flow

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Tunica media:

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bulkymiddle coat; smooth muscle and elastin•Function:helpsregulate diameter of blood vessels

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Tunicaexterna/adventitia:

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•outermost;aerolaror fibrous connective tissue•Function:tobe supportive and protective•VasaVasorum:Foundin very large vessels, this system of tiny blood vessels that supply the wallsof the vessels themselves with blood

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one thing all tunics have in common

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surround the lumen, thecentral blood-containing space

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How are these vessels different?

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•Arterieshave the thickest tunica media.

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why do arteries have the thickest tunica media?

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- Exposedto the highest pressures of anyvessels, closer to the pumping action of the heart

-The elastin allows them to stretch and recoiland the smooth muscle allows them to constrict and dilate during systole anddiastole, respectively

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•Thewalls of veins are thinner than arterial walls. WHY?

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Theyare the farthest from the heart so they experience minimal pressurefluctuations

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•Thelumen of veins tend to be substantially larger than arteries and have valves.WHY?

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Becauseof the low-pressure condition and the fact that the blood returning to theheart often flows against gravity

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•Capillarywalls consist of just a thin tunica interna. WHY?

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Forthe exchange of materials between the blood and the tissues

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Special circulations: Pulmonary

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It is the movement of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart again. This is just one phase of the overall circulatory system.

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•Function:

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bring blood into close contact with the alveoli of the lungs for gas exchange–Arteriescreate a low-pressure bed in lungs

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•Pulmonary trunk

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is from right ventricle, anddivides into the left and right pulmonary arteries which plunge into the lungs

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Special circulations: Hepatic

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•Function:Drain the digestive viscera, spleen and pancreas•

•The hepaticportal vein delivers blood to the liver forprocessing (NOT HEART)

•The liver is drained by the hepaticveins that enter the inferior vena cava

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•Hepatic portal vein

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is from the veins of abdominal organs to the liver

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•Superior mesenteric vein

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is from the small intestine to the hepatic portal vein

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•Inferior mesenteric vein

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is from the large intestines, joining the splenic vein to the hepatic portal vein

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•Splenic vein

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– is from spleen to the hepatic portal vein

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Left Gastric Vein

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is from the stomach, joining the splenic vein to the hepatic portal vein

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SpecialCirculations: Fetal

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•All nutrient, excretory, and gasexchanges occur through the placenta§Themother and fetus share blood

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Umbilical vein

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carries blood to fetal heart;umbilical arteries carry blood from fetus to the placenta

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where does the umbilical vein drain?

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•The umbilical vein drains into the ductusvenosus,which is connected to an intricate network of veins in the developing liver

-Itempties into the inferior vena cava

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1st shunt of umbilical

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Theforamen ovaleconnects the fetal atria. It allows blood to pass directly from the rightatrium to the left atrium (called fossa ovalisafter birth)

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2nd shunt of umbilical

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.The ductusarteriosusconnects the pulmonary trunk and the aorta (ligamentumarteriosum)

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circle of willis

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Thecircular system of arteries around the base of the brainItis formed by branches of the basilarand internalcarotid arteries with other communicating arteries

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MajorSystemic Arteries of the Body: Aorta

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largest artery

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•Ascending aorta

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Thefirst portion, before the aorta bends inferiorly

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•Aortic arch

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Thebend of the aorta just superior to the heart

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•Descending aorta

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Theportion of the descending aorta that is within the thorax

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•Abdominal aorta

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Theportion of the descending aorta that is within the abdomen

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•Brachiocephalic

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– The first branch from the aorta

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•Right common carotid –

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The medial branch of thebrachiocephalic artery

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•Right subclavian

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The lateral branch of the brachiocephalic artery

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•Left common carotid, left subclavian

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Thesecond and third branches, respectively of the arch of the aorta

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vertebral

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The branches of the subclavians

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Basilar

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The artery formed by fusion of the vertebral arteries

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• Circle of Willis

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The circular system of arteries around the brain’s base, formed by branches of the basilar artery and the internal carotid

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axillary artery

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The continuation of the subclavianartery inferior to the clavicle

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brachial

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•The continuation of the axillaryartery in the upper arm

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ulnar

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•The medial branch of the brachialartery

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radial

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•The lateral branch of the brachialartery

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branches of the descending aorta

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intercostals,phrenic, celiac, superior mesenteric, renal, suprarenal, testicular, ovarian, common illiac

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intercostals

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The branches from the aorta to the intercostal muscles

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phrenic

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•– The branches from the aorta tothe diaphragm

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celiac

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•The branch of the aorta to thestomach, pancreas and liver

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superior mesenteric

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•The branch of the aorta to thesmall intestine and proximal large intestine

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renal

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• The branches from the aorta to thekidneys

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suprarenal

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•The branches from the aorta to thegonads

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testicular,ovarian

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The branches from the aorta to thegonads

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common iliac

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•The branch from the inferior end ofthe descending aorta toward the leg

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•Internal iliac

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– medial branch of the common iliac

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external iliac

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lateral branch of the common iliac

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femoral

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continuation of the external iliac artery in the thigh

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popliteal

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continuation of the femoral artery in the popliteal region

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anterior tibial

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anterior branch of the popliteal artery

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posterior tibial

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posterior branch of the popliteal artery

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superior vena cava

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returns deoxygenated blood from thehead, neck, thorax, and arms.

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inferior vena cava

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•returns deoxygenated blood from therest of the systemic loop.

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hepatic vein

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vein from the liver to the inferior vena cava

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renal vein

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vein from the kidney to the inferior vena cava

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common iliac vein

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two branches that fuse to become the inferior vena cava

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•Left and Right Brachiocephalic vein

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–medial branch into the superior vena cava

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• •Left and Right Subclavian vein

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–lateral branch into the brachiocephalic vein

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internal jugular vein

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medial branch into the brachiocephalic vein

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external jugular vein

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•external vein of the neck thatreturns blood to the subclavianvein

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axillary vein

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•medial branch into the subclavianvein

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•Basilic vein

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superficial vein that empties into the axillary vein

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•Brachial vein

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– upper arm vein that continues into the axillary regions as the axillary vein

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radial vein

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•form brachial vein (lateral)

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ulnar vein

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form brachial Vein (medial)

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cephalic vein

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•lateral, superficial branch intothe subclavianvein

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Azygos veins

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•unpaired branch into the posterioraspect of the superior vena cava

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•Hemiazygos, accessory hemiazygos veins

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– two sets of multiple veins that empty into the azygos

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Intercostals veins

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•vein that empty into the azygosvein (right) and hemiazygosor accessory hemiazygosveins (left)

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external iliac veins

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•lateral branch into the common iliacvein (in the pelvis)

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internal iliac veins

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•which forms the common iliac vein

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femoral vein

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•major lateral branch into theexternal iliac vein

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Greatsaphenous vein

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•major medial, superficial branchinto the external iliac vein

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popliteal vein

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• posterior branch into the femoralvein, on the posterior of the knee

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small saphenous vein

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•lateral, superficial branch intothe popliteal vein, lateral to the tibia

Front 90

anterior tibial vein

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•branch into the popliteal vein, onthe anterior aspect of the tibia

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posterior tibial vein

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posterior to the tibia, draining into the popliteal vein.