A&p 2, Endocrine System

Front 1

Cell to cell communication, name 4 methods

Back 1

gap junctions
neurotransmitters
paracrines
hormones

Front 2

gap junction

Back 2

join single unit smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, epithelial and other cells to each other. passes nutrients, electrolytes, and signaling molecules . goes through pores in membranes

Front 3

neurotransmitters

Back 3

released by neurons, diffuse accross narrow synaptic cleft, and bind to specific receptors on next cell

Front 4

paracrines

Back 4

secreted by one cell , diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate physiology. aka local hormones.

Front 5

hormones

Back 5

chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream. stimulate physiological responses. targets can be far away. what determines whether or not a target is affected? RECEPTOR.

Front 6

difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

Back 6

exocrine glands secrete products by way of a duct onto epithelial surfaces. such as skin or mucosa of digestive tract. endocrine glands are ductless and release products into blood stream. endocrine glands have high density of capillaries with pores.

Front 7

name two glands that are both endocrine and exocrine, and why:

Back 7

liver: exocrine: bile into ducts that lead to small intestine. endocrine b/c blood clotting factors into blood.
testes: sperm into ducts (exo) but testosterone in blood (endo)

Front 8

nervous vs. endocrine system
type of signal
speed of response
persistance of response
adaptation
area of response

Back 8

nervous is chemical and electrical, endocrine strictly chemical
nervous is rapid (ms), stops quickly, and rapidly adapts
endocrine is variable but may take days, response can persist long after stim stops, and adapt is slow.
nervous is local and specific, endocrine is far away, widespread

Front 9

Name some chemicals that are both neurotransmitters and hormones

Back 9

norepinephrine
cholecystokinin
oxytocin and catecholamines come from modified neurons called neuroendocrine cells
systems have overlap: neurons trigger hormones, hormones stim or inhibit neurons

Front 10

anatomy of hypothalamus
shaped like
where is it
regulates what
who is target

Back 10

shaped like flattened funnel
forms floor and walls of third ventricle
regulates feeding, **reproduction, fight, flight
target is pituitary

Front 11

anatomy of pituitary gland
where, how attached
location
2 structures

Back 11

pituitary suspended from hypothalamus by infundibulum and housed in sella turica of sphenoid bone.
anterior and posterior

Front 12

how does hypothalamus control pituitary, what is it connected by?

Back 12

hypothal connected to anterior pituitary by hypophyseal portal system, primary capillaries to secondary capillaries. hypothalamic hormones make anterior secrete its own hormones. hypothal connected to posterior pit by nerve tissue called hypothal- hypophyseal TRACT. hypothal hormones stored and released by posterior pit, not synthesized here.

Front 13

Hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary and that are made by the hypothalamus
1st 3:

Back 13

thyrotropin releasing hormone: makes anterior pit release thryoid stimulating hormone and prolactin
corticotropin-releasing hormone: promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
gonadotropin-releasing hormone: follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Front 14

Hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary and that are made by the hypothalamus
2nd 3:

Back 14

growth hormone releasing hormone: growth hormone
prolactin inhibiting hormone: also known as dopamine. inhibits secretion of prolactin
somatostatin: inhibits secretion of growth hormone and thyroid stim hormone. Widespread effects here.

Front 15

hormones made by hypothalamus that are stored and released by posterior pituitary

Back 15

oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin produced by paraventricular nuclei, antidiuretic produced by supraoptic nuclei

Front 16

anterior pituitary hormones: synthesizes 6 of them: and then in turn what do these hormones target:

Back 16

follicle stimulating hormone: target ovaries and testes.
luteinizing hormone:
thyroid stimulating hormone: thyroid
adrenocorticotropic hormone: adrenal cortex
prolactin
growth hormone/somatotropin

Front 17

what does posterior pituitary store and release

Back 17

antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin

Front 18

follicle stimulating hormone

Back 18

produced by anterior pituitary when hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone. In the ovaries, it causes growht of ovarian follicles and release of estrogen. In males, it causes sperm production.

Front 19

luteinizing hormone

Back 19

produced by anterior pituitary when hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone. It causes ovaries to undergo ovulation (release of egg), stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone (important for pregnancy). In males, makes testes secrete testosterone.

Front 20

thyroid stimulating hormone

Back 20

produced by anterior pituitary when hypothalamus produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Also called thyrotropin. stimulates growth of thyroid gland and they secretion of thyroid hormone. widespread effects on metabolic rate, body temp, etc.

Front 21

adrenocortiocotropic hormone

Back 21

growth of adrenal cortex and secretion of glucocorticoids, which regulate glucose primarily, include cortisol: fat and protein catabolism, stress response, tissue repair, anti inflammatory.
secreted by anterior pituitary when hypothalamus releases corticotropic releasing hormone.

Front 22

prolactin

Back 22

secreted by anterior pituitary when hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone. affects mammary glands and testes. causes milk synthesis in females and increased luteinizing hormone sensitivity in males.

Front 23

growth hormone

Back 23

aka somatotropin. produced by anterior pituitary when hypothalamus releases growth hormone releasing hormone. targets liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat. induces liver to produce IGF-1 (insulin growth factors) which have longer half life than GH. stimulate target cells in diverse tissues, protein synthesis (transcript) , lipid metabolism, carb metabolism, glucose sparing, electrolyte retention. TISSUE GROWTH.

Front 24

growth hormone cont.

Back 24

bone thickening and remodelling
secretion high during first 2 hrs of deep sleep
peaks in response to vigorous exercise,
GH levels decline with age

Front 25

Pars Intermedia

Back 25

present in fetus, absent in adult. produces melanocyte-stim hormone in animals with skin, hair, feathers.. still are remnant cells in adult anterior lobe of pituitary, produce propiomelanocortin. it's not secreted. processed there to produce pain-inhib endorphins.

Front 26

Oxytocin

Back 26

produced by hypothalamus, stored and released by posterior pituitary. associated with sexual response, bonding between sexual partners and mother/breastfeeding infant, milk letdown, stimulates labor contractions,
negative vs. positive feedback here.

Front 27

neuroendocrine reflex

Back 27

suckling infant- stim nerve endings- hypothalamus stimulated- release of oxytocin - milk letdown.

milk ejection also come from infant cry (higher brain functioning).

Front 28

antidiuretic hormone

Back 28

increases water retention, reduces urine volume, prevents dehydration. aka vasopressin b/c causes vasoconstriction. stored and released by posterior pituitary on command by hypothalamus.

Front 29

negative feedback vs.
positive feedback

Back 29

increased target organ hormone levels inhibit further release of hormone.
positive feedback: release of hormone has amplifying effect.

Front 30

Anatomy of Pineal gland
where
changes in it throughout lifespan

Back 30

attached to roof of 3rd ventricle beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum.
after age 7, in undergoes involution. down 75% by end of puberty, tiny mass of shrunken tissue in adults.

Front 31

overall, what does it do

Back 31

synchronize circadian rhythms of daylight and darkness. synthesizes melatonin from serotonin during the night. fluctuates seasonally with changes in day lenght.
regulates timing of puberty? SAD- seasonal affective disorder. depression, sleepiness, irritibility,carb craving.

Front 32

Thymus
plays a role in what 3 organ/fn systems
where is it
what does it do

Back 32

endocrine: thymopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin are hormones.
immune and lymphatic system.
site of maturation of T-lymphocytes.
its a bi-lobed gland in the mediastinum. does go through involution after puberty.

Front 33

Thyroid
anatomy
where
appearance
cells

Back 33

largest of the endocrine glands. two lobes + isthmus below the larynx. dark reddish brn due to rich blood supply, has follicular cells and parafolicular cells. the follicles are sacs that compose most of the thyroid. contain protein rich colloid w/ iodine. follicular cells are cuboidal epithelium that lines follicles.

Front 34

thyroid: hormones:
what are they and what do they do
which cells do they come from

Back 34

secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 is converted to T3. Increases metabolic rate, O2 consumption, heat production, apetite, growht hormone secretion, alertness, quicker reflexes. Parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin with rising blood calcium. stimulates osteoblast activity and bone form.

Front 35

Parathyroid glands
where, how many
function

Back 35

there are usually four of these, tiny, but can be up to 12. embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland. secrete parathyroid hormone. Ca, Ca, Ca. increase blood Ca2+ levels. promotes synthesis of calcitriol. incr absorption of Ca in digestive tract. decr urinary excretion, increases bone resorption.

Front 36

adrenal glands
where are they
what are the two parts

Back 36

small gland that sits on top of each kidney, they are retroperitoneal (in abdomen but not surrounded by membrane). adrenal cortex and medulla fromed by merger of two fetal glands with different origins and functions. similar to pituitary.

Front 37

adrenal medulla
what part is this again
what does it release

Back 37

this is the inner core, 10 - 20%. has dual nature of endocrine gland and sympathetic ganglia. chromafin cells are modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons. when stimulated release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine + tr. dopamine) in blood.

Front 38

catecholamines:

what do they do, why releases

Back 38

epinephrine and norepinephrine. increases alertness and prepares body for physical activity. mobilizes high-energy fuels, lactate, fatty acid, glucose.
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis boost glucose levels. glucose sparing b/c inhibits insulin sectretion; muscles use fatty acids. increase blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, breathing, metabolic rate, decreases digestion and urine production

Front 39

adrenal cortex, anatomy
what does it produce, generally

Back 39

surrounds adrenal medulla and produces more than 25 steroid hormones called corticosteroids. it's the bulk of the adrenal gland.

Front 40

adrenal cortex
layers and what they secrete

Back 40

zona glomerulosa (thin outer layer): mineralocorticoids (salts)
zona fasciculata (thick middle layer): glucocorticods (sugars)
zona reticularis ( narrow inner layer): sex steroids
G--F--R

Front 41

mineralocorticoids

Back 41

zona glomerulosa. they regulate electrolyte balance, as they're salts. one you need to know is aldosterone. stimulates Na+ retention (water retention) and K+ excretion

Front 42

glucocorticoids

Back 42

sugars. zona fasciculata. regulate metabolism of sugars primarily. includes cortisol. stimulate fat and carb catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and release of fatty acids and glucose in blood. crucial in stress response and tissue repair. short term anti-inflammatory, long term immunosuppressive.

Front 43

Sex steroids

Back 43

zona reticularis. these are androgens. this is a testosterone precursor. help set libido. large rold in prenatal male development. DHEA which is converted to testosterone. Estradiol: small quantitiy. sustains bone mass after menopause.

Front 44

Pancreas

Back 44

exocrine digestive gland and endocrine cell clusters (islets of Langerhans) found retroperitoneal and posterior to stomach. looks like a wad of chewing gum.

Front 45

Islets of Langerhans hormones (5) :

Back 45

Glucagon
Insulin
somatostatin (also in hypothalamus)
Pancreatic polypeptide
Gastrin

Front 46

glucagon
which cells
pupose
target organ (s)

Back 46

secreted by alpha cells
purpose is to maintain blood glucose levels between meals
major target organ is the liver. stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. stim release of glucose into the circulation. targets adipose tissue, stim fat catabolism, release of fatty acids

Front 47

insulin
which cells
purpose

Back 47

secreted by beta cells . lowers blood glucose. secreted after big carb-rich meal. stimulates cells to absorb nutrients and store or metabolize them. promostes synthesis of glycogen, fat, protein. suppresses use of already stored fuels. not all tissues require insulin (brain and liver) but most do.

Front 48

somatostatin
which cells
what does it do
where else does this come from

Back 48

delta cells.
partially suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin. inhibits nutrient digestion and absorption which prolongs absorption of nutrients. acts as both a paracrine and hormone when released from pancreas, not hypothalamus.

Front 49

PP and gastrin

Back 49

pancreatic polypeptide and gastrin both have digestive fns.

Front 50

Control of blood sugar/ glucose
hyper vs. hypo glycemic hormones

Back 50

hyperglycemic hormones: elevate blood sugar.
glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, corticosterone
hypoglycemic: lower blood sugar. only insulin.

Front 51

Gonads

Back 51

produce hormones and germ cells.
ovaries: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin.
testicular: testosterone, some weaker androgens, estrogen, inhibin.
just need to name hormones for now.

Front 52

Diabetes Mellitus 1

Back 52

diabetes just means excess urine. Type 1 Diabetes mellitus is hereditary. Comes on fast during early age or adult, only 5-10% of diabetics. beta cells of pancreas destroyed by autoimmune disorder. insulin levels below normal, they are hyper-glycemic. need insulin shots or inhaler, glucose monitoring, exercise, meal planning. Have pancreatic islet cell antibodies.

Front 53

Diabetes Mellitus type 2

Back 53

90 - 95% of diabetics. slow onset and comes on usually after age 40 but becoming more prevalent in kids due to obesity epidemic. Pancreatic beta cells are present, just becomming insulin resistant. at beginning of disease, insulin is high but body later stops making so much of it. no antibodies. still have high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). risk is heredity, age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle. treatment is diet, exercise, oral meds.

Front 54

Skin
endocrine functions

Back 54

keritanocytes convert cholesterol-like steroid into form of Vit. D using UV
(cholecalciferalol)

Front 55

Liver
endocrine functions

Back 55

involved in production of at least 5 hormones:
cholecalciferol to calcidiol
makes angiotensinogen, a prohormone involved in bl pressure.
erythropoietin (makes red blood cells)
hepcidin- iron regulation
IGF-I that controls action of growth hormone.

Front 56

kidneys,
endocrine functions

Back 56

play a role in production of 3 hormones
convert calcidiol to calcitriol, active form of Vit D
secrete renin, enzyme that controls angiotensin (blood pressure)
makes %85 of erythropoietin (stimulates blood marrow to make RBCs)

Front 57

Stomach and Heart
endocrine functions

Back 57

heart: puts Na+ in urine, means water too. regulates blood pressure.
stomach: 10 enteric hormones from enteroendocrine cells. coordinates digestive motility and glandular secretion

Front 58

Endocrine functions of some tissues
adipose
osseous
placenta

Back 58

adipose: leptin (apetite control)
osseous: osteocalcin
placenta: estrogen, progesterone (regulates pregnancy, stimulates development of fetus and mammary glands)

Front 59

WHat are the 3 chemical classes of hormones

WHat do they look like
how made

Back 59

steroids: it's got cholesterol. 4 connected rings. differs in functional groups attached.
monoamines: 4 iodines, 1 amine (NH), 1 or 2 C rings
peptides/glycoproteins: like any protein, chain of amino acids. at first its an inactive preprohormone. 1st am.ac. signal for ER, signal removed to make "prohormone", gogi cleaves off the Pro part.

Front 60

Monoamines
talk about two and how made

Back 60

melatonin is synthesized from amino acid tryptophan and other monoamines from amino acid tyrosine.
thyroid hormone is composed of two tyrosines

sleepy amino acid

Front 61

Thyroid hormone
how is it made in the thyroid gland

Back 61

1. iodide absorption and oxidation to iodine, from blood into colloid. 2. the cells surrounding the colloid release thyroglobulin 3. the thyroglobulin combines with the iodine 4. thyroglobulin again uptaken by cells. hydrolysis. 5. release of T3 and T4 in blood. stays in colloid because iodine toxic to cells!

Front 62

Hormone transport

Back 62

monoamines and peptides hydrophilic, just float around in blood till hit target. steroids are hydrophobic. have to bind to transport proteins, only unbound hormone leaves capillaries to reach target cell. the trans.proteins. protect the hormone from being broken down by enzymes in plasma and liver and from being filtered out of blood by kidneys.

Front 63

hormone receptors and mode of action

Back 63

hormones stimulate only cells with receptors, which are protein-glycoprotein molecules on plasma membrane, cytoplasm, or in nucleus. receptors act like SWITCHES, to turn on metabolic pathways when hormone binds. usually each target cell has few thousand receptors for given hormone.

Front 64

Receptor-hormone interactions exhibit
1.
2.

Back 64

1. specificity
2. saturation

Front 65

hydrophobic hormones
how do they target cells, interact

Back 65

penetrate pm and enter nucleus (diffuse right through pm b/c they're a lipid). many of these have nuclear receptors, they act directly on genes changing target cell physiology. they are transcription factors.

Front 66

hydrophilic hormones
how do they target cells, interact

Back 66

cannot penetrate into target cell. must stimulate physiology indirectly. never goes in cell. just activates that switch and activates a second messenger system
these include monoamines and peptides, with the exception of thyroid. thyroid is not a steroid but is hydrophobic anyway.

Front 67

thyroid hormone

Back 67

the metabolic rate controller.
enters target cell by diffusion, mostly as T4 with little metabolic effect. target cell converts T4 to more potent T3. it's a transcription factor. causes protein synthesis.

Front 68

Peptides and catecholamines

Back 68

you need to look at diagram in book. hormone binds to receptor. G-protein bound to receptor eats a GTP and activates andenylate cyclase. eats an ATP and makes cyclic AMP. cAMP makes a protein kinase. pk phosphorylate enzymes, activating some and deactivating others. these catalyze metabolic rxns. wide range of effects on cell. p. 662.

Front 69

Enzyme amplification

Back 69

for example, cAMP activates >1 protein kinase. hormones are very potent. one hormone molecule triggers synthesis of many enzyme molecules. very small simulus can have very large effect. circulaing concentrations very low.

Front 70

how does a body modulate target cell sensitivity

Back 70

change the number of receptors, up regulation or down regulation (down reg happens with long term exposure to high hormone concentrations)

Front 71

hormone interactions
3

Back 71

synergistic: multiple hormones act together for greater effect. FSH and testosterone both incr sperm.
permissive: one hormone enhances target cell's response to later hormone. estrogen prepares the way for progesterone in pregnancy
antagonistic: one hormone opposes the action of another, insulin lowers blood sug, glucogen raises it.

Front 72

hormone clearance
what is it
how does it happen
what are the terms you need to know

Back 72

hormone signals have to be turned off when served purpose, most taken up and degraded by liver and kidney, excreted in bile/urine. MCR = metabolic clearance rate. rate at which it is removed. different for adults and kids. half life is time takes to remove 50% from blood.

Front 73

stress
definition
what are the stages, what are they called collectively

Back 73

caused by any situation that upsets homeostatsis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being.
GAS - general adaptation syndrome
alarm rxn, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion

Front 74

alarm reaction
what hormones
what happens
what organ is involved

Back 74

initial response to stress. dominated by catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system/adrenal medulla
prepares body for fight or flight
stored glycogen is consumed

Front 75

stage of resistance
what hormones
what happens
what organ is involved

Back 75

after few hours, glycogen reserves gone, but brain still needs glucose. alternate fuels. stage dominated by cortisol. hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing hormone. pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone. stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol and other glucocorticoids. promotes breakdown of fat and protein into glycerol,fatty acids, protein, etc. for gluconeogenesis.

Front 76

stage of resistance
adverse effects

Back 76

cortisol has glucose sparing effect- inhibits protein synthesis leaving free amino acids for gluconeogenesis.
adverse effects of cortisol , depress immune fn, incr. susceptibility to infect and ulcers, lymphoid tissues atrophy, antibody levels drop, wounds heal poorly.

Front 77

stage of exhaustion

Back 77

chronic stress continues and fat reseves are gone, homeostasis is overwhelmed. marked by rapid decline and death. protein breakdown and muscle wasting, loss of glucose homeostasis b/c adrenal cortex stops producing glucocorticoids. heart and kidney infection or overwhelming infection.

Front 78

eicosanoids and paracrine signaling
what are they
how are they unlike neurotransmitters and hormones

Back 78

paracrines- chemical messengers that diffuse short distances and stimulate nearby cells. unlike neurotransmitters not produced in neurons. unlike hormones, not transported in blood

Front 79

eicosanoids and paracrine signalling
name 4
where do they come from what does it do
what determines whether something is behaving as a paracrine or hormone or neurotransmitter

Back 79

-a single chemical can act as a hormone, paracrine, or even neurotransmitter in a different location.
histamine-from mast cells in connective tissue, causes relaxation of blood vessesl / vasodilation
nitric oxide-from endothelium of blood vessels, causes vaso dilation
somatostatin- from gamma cells, inhibits secretion of alpha and beta cells of pancreas
catecholamines- diffuse from medulla to cortex

Front 80

eicosanoids
what are they
from what are them made
what do they do, generally

Back 80

important family of paracrines that are derived from fatty acid called arachidonic acid, mediate allergic and inflammatory response.

Front 81

eicosanoids
name 3

Back 81

prostacyclin- inhibits blood clotting and vasoconstriction
thromboxanes-produced by blood platelets after injury, overrides prostacyclin, stimulates vasoconstriction and clotting.
prostaglandins- diverse family with diverse effects

Front 82

endocrine disorders

Back 82

variations inhormone concentration and target - cell sensitivity that have noticeable effects on the body
hyposecretion
hypersecretion

Front 83

hyposecretion

Back 83

not enough. tumor or lesion destroys gland or interferes w its ability to receive signals. head trauma affects pituitary gland's ability to make ADH, causes diabetes insipidus, chronic polyuria. autoantibodies fail to distinguish person's own gland from foreign matter

Front 84

hypersecretion
what happens
give 2 ex.

Back 84

excessive hormone release, tumor, autoimmune disorder. pheochromocytoma: tumor of adrenal medulla, excessive epinephrine/ norepinephrine
toxic goiter: Graves disease: autoantibodies mimic effect of TSH on thryoid, causing thyroid hypersecretion

Front 85

pituitary disorders
what hormone would you have problems with
3 diseases

Back 85

hypersecretion of growth hormone
acromegaly-thickening of bones and soft tissues, hands, feet, face
problems in childhood or adolescence, giganticism if hypersec, dwarfism if hypo- rare b/c hormone made by humans

Front 86

thyroid disorders
4 diseases
hormone you have probems with

Back 86

congenital hypothyroidism (decreased thyroid hormone
formally called cretinism. oral thyroid hormone. severe. myxedema is adult hypothyroidism.
goiter - endemic goiter - enlargement of thyroid glandfrom dietary iodine deficiency. no neg feedback from TH stimulates TSH.
toxic goiter- autoantibodies mimic effect of TSH.yesTH.

Front 87

parathyroid disorders

Back 87

hypoparathyroidism-surgical excision durine thyroid surgery, fatal tetany in 3 -4 days due to rapid decline in blood Ca
hyperparath- excess PTH secreted. tumor. bones get soft, deformed. Ca and phosphate blood levels increase. promotes renal calculi formation.

Front 88

adrenal disorders

Back 88

cushing syndrome- excess cortisol. hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, endema, rapid muscle and bone loss due to protein catabolism. abnormal fat deposition (moon face and buffalo hump)

Front 89

diabetes mellitus

Back 89

most prevalent metabolic disease in the world. Type 1 and type 2 already discussed. either hyposecretion or inaction of insulin. polyuria(excess urine), polydipsia (thirst), polyphagia (hunger). elevated blood glucose, glucose in urine, ketones in urine. excess glucose enters urine and water follows it.

Front 90

pathogenesis of DM
breakdown of fat and proteins for food, effects

Back 90

cells must rely on fat and proteins for energy needs. fat catabolism increases free fatty acids and ketones in blood. ketonuria promotes irregular heartbeat, neurological issues, ketoacidosis occurs as ketones decr blood pH , deep, gasping breathingand diabetic coma

Front 91

pathogenesis of DM
effects of hyper glycemia

Back 91

chronic hyperglycemia: neuropathy and cardiovascular damage. arterial damage in retina and kidneys (common in type 1) atheosclerosis leads to heart failure (type 2). diabetic neuropathy: nerve damage from impoverished blood flow, erectile dysfn, incontinence, poor wound healing, loss of sensation from area