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184 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the normal body temperature in degrees celcius?
37 degrees C
What is the scrotal temperature (in degrees celcius?)
34 degrees C or 94 degrees farenheit
Why are the testes raised and lowered?
To maintain a constant temperature
What is the smooth muscle that raises and lowers the testes?
the cremaster muscle
What is the cremaster muscle underneath? What does it cover?
Under the scrotal wall; covers the testis and spermatic cord
The testes are covered with an outer tunic known as the :
tunica vaginalis
Where does the tunica vaginalis originate from?
the peritoneum
This is the thick fibrous capsule of the testis:
tunica albuginea
This is where sperm cells are made:
seminiferous tubules
This is where sperm drains into. It is a tubular network in the posterior portion of the testis
rete testis
The rete testis drains into the:
epididymis
Does the epididymis lie on the posterior or anterior wall?
posterior
These are the cells that are found in the connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules.
interstitial cells
What do interstitial cells produce?
testosterone
This artery originates from the aorta and travels through the spermatic cord
testicular artery
This is the network of veins surrounding the testicular artery.
pampinaform plexus
Where does the pampina form plexus rain into?
The testicular veins
The blood vessels, vas deferens, lymphatics, and nerves travel through the spermatic cord, which passes through the __________ ________ to reach the abdominal cavity
Inguinal canal
This structure is designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract.
Penis
What two stuctures make up the external genitalia?
The penis and the scrotum
What are the external genitalia attached to?
The perineum (diamond shaped area)
The perineum is defined by what structures (3)?
Pubic symphysis, the coccyx, the ischial tuberosities
The penis is divided into what three parts?
Root, the body (or shaft), and the glans
This is the part that is removed during circumcision:
Foreskin
How many erectile bodies are there internally (in the penis)?
3
What fills wi blood in the penis during erectile activity?
The vascular spaces
This erectile body surrounds the urethra and forms the glans:
The corpus spongiosum
The erectile body that's located dorsally is:
The corpus cavernosa
The corpus cavernosa is surrounded by the:
Tunica albuginea
What are the three parts of the epididymis?
The head (superior end), the body and the tail
How long is the epididymis?
~20 ft long
How long does it take sperm cells to mature?
Approx 20 days
How long is the vas (ductus) deferens?
About 18 inches
After passing through the spermatic cord, the vas deferens then passes over the _________ ( _______ to the ureter.)
Bladder, medial
After passing the bladder, the vas deferens then joins the _______ _________ to form the __________ _________ which passes through the __________ and joins the urethra.
Seminal vesicles

Ejaculatory duct

Prostate
This is the procedure that involves the vas being divided and lighted within the scrotum.
Vasectomy
Is sperm still produced after a vasectomy? What happens to the sperm?
Yes, they Re phagocytized by the epithelium of the duct system
What is semen? What is it produced by?
Sperm cells plus the accessory gland secretions; accessory glands
Where are the seminal vesicles located on the bladder?
On the posterior aspect
Seminal vesicles do what for sperm?
Enhance sperm function
How much of the semen volume do seminal vesicles produce?
60%
This structure encircles the urethra just inferior to the bladder:
Prostate gland
Where do the secretion from the urethra empty into?
Ducts of the urethra
How much of the semen do prostatic secretions make up?
33%
What does BPH stand for?
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
BPH occurs with what?
Age
What is BPH characterized by?
The enlargement of the prostate that narrows the urethra
How is prostate cancer detected (2 ways)?
Digital rectal exam or by a PSA blood test
These structures are found just below the prostate:
Bulbourethral glands
What is the purpose of the bulbourethral glands?
Secretes mucous into the urethra that neutralizes the pH
Does semen have an acidic or alkaline pH?
Slightly alkaline
How much sperm is in 1mL of semen?
20-150 million
The ovaries produce what two things?
The female gametes or ova, and the sex hormones (estrogens and progesterones)
What makes up the internal female genitalia?
The ovaries and duct system (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina)
What holds the ovaries laterally?
The suspensory ligament
Which ligament contains the ovarian artery? Where does this artery originate from?
The suspensory ligament, the aorta
What holds the ovaries medially? What does it connect?
The ovarian ligament,

The ovary to the uterus
The ovaries are held Anteriorly by the :
The mesovarium (part of the broad ligament)
What are all the parts of the broad ligament?
The suspensory ligament, mesovarium, mesosalpinx, and mesometrium
This is the sheet of peritoneum that drapes over the uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries
The broad ligament
What is the peritoneal covering over the ovary?
The germinal epithelium
What is the thin outer fibrous capsule of the ovary?
The tunica albuginea
The cortex of the artery contains numerous ________ in various stages of development
Follicles
Each follicle of the ovary contains an __________ surrounded by _________ cells or __________ cells.
Oocyte ( an immature egg )

Follicle cells or granulosa cells
The locate is surrounded by follicle cells if :
Single layer
The locate is surrounded by granulosa cells if :
Multiple layers
Follicles pass through the several stages and mature into __________ or _______ follicles, which bulge from the surface of the ovary.
Vesicular or graafian
What happens during ovulation?
One oocyte is ejected by a follicle each month
What happens to the follicle after ovulation?
Becomes Corpus luteum - then degenerates
This structure receives the ovulated oocyte?
Uterine or Fallopian tube
Where does fertilization occur?
In the Fallopian tube usually
How long is the Fallopian tube?
About 10cm in length
This is the narrow part of the uterine tube near the uterus:
Isthmus
This is the mid portion of the uterine tube where fertilization usually occurs:
The ampulla
How long does it take the ovulated oocyte to reach the uterus?
3-4 days
How long is the ovulated oocyte viable?
24-36 hours
This is the funnel shaped end of the tube:
Infundibulum
What are the finger like projections of the infundibulum called?
Fimbriae
Are the Fimbriae directly connected to the ovaries?
No, brush the surface, sometimes oocytes are lost in peritoneal cavity
How do the oocytes move towards the uterus?
By peristalsis and cilia
The Fallopian tube is supported by the _________ which is part of the broad ligament.
Mesosalpinx
These pregnancies occur in locations other than the uterus:
Ectopic
An example of an ectopic pregnancy is one that occurs in the ______ or ________ cavity
Tube or peritoneal cavity
What is one problem with an ectopic pregnancy?
Causes significant hemorrhaging
What is one example of a bacterial infection that causes PID?
Gonorrhea
What's a problem with PID?
Causes scarring of the tubes and infertility
The uterus is usually flexed in what direction?
Anteriorly (anteverted)
The major portion of the uterus is the:
Body
The superior aspect of the uterus is the _______ and the outlet is called the ________
Funds, cervix
The cervix contains the ______ _______ which is usually filled with thick ________
Cervical canal, mucous
The external opening of the uterus is called the :
External os
Cancer of the cervical epithelium can be detected by a:
Pap smear
What is most cancer of the cervix caused by?
HPV
The overlying peritoneum of the uterus produces what two pouches?
The vesicouterine pouch (Anteriorly) and the rectouterine pouch (posteriorly)
What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
The perimetrium, the myometrium, and the endometrium
This is the visceral layer of the uterine wall:
The perimetrium
What type of muscle is in the myometrium?
Smooth muscle
This makes up the mucosal lining of the of the uterine wall:
Endometrium
The endometrium is the site of embryo __________ and contains numerous glands
Implantation
How many layers does the endometrium have? What are they?
2; the basal layer and the functional layer
Which layer of the endometrium is shed during menstruation?
The functional layer
The uterus is supplied by the _________ arteries.
Uterine
The uterine arteries are branches of the ________ _______
Internal iliacs
The uterine arteries end as ______ arteries which supply the functional layer
Spiral
How long is the vagina?
About 8-10 cm long
What is the vagina lined with?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Are the normal bacteria flora alkaline or acidic? What does this do?
acidic; prevents infection
What is the mucosal membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening?
Hymen
The upper aspect of the vaginal canal, surrounding the cervix is called the:
Fornix
These are the structures which are external to the vaginal orifice:
External genitalia
This is the area overlying the pubic symphisis.
The mons pubis
Name the two sets of skin folds of the external gentalia:
The labia majora and the laboa minora
The labia minors form a recess called the :
Vestibule
These three structures open into the vestibule.
The urethra, vagina, and greater vestibular glands
What do the vestibular glands secrete?
Mucous
The _______ is located at the anterior apex of the vestibule and is composed of _______ tissue
Clitoris, erectile
_______ ________ are present in both sexes, but function only appears in females.
Mammary glands
This is the pigmented skin surrounding the the nipple.
The areola
Each mammary gland consists of _____ to ______ lobes which radiate from the nipple
15-25
Each lobe is surrounded by ________ tissue and ________. The lobes are composed of smaller _______
Connective tissue and fat

Lobules
Lobules contain spherical units called ________, which produce milk
Alveoli
During ________, milk flows from the alveoli, through the ________ ________ , to the nipple
Lactation, lactiferous ducts
Beneath the areola, each duct has a dilated region called the _________ ________
Lactiferous sinus
Is is the most common malignancy in women:
Breast cancer
What percentage of women will acquire breast cancer at some point during their lives?
13%
Breast cancer usually arises from the epithelial cells of the _______
Ducts
Only ______% of breat cancer cases are hereditary
10%
Lumps < _______ cm in size may not be detected by physical examination, but can be detected by a _______
1-2cm

Mammogram
This is known as the production of ova or eggs.
Oogenesis
In the fetal period, the _______ (stem cells) undergo ______ and become ______ oocytes (diploid).
Oogonia, mitosis, primary oocytes
How many additional primary oocytes are formed after birth?
None
Oocytes remain idle until after _____
Puberty
With each cycle, one primary oocyte completes _________, producing a _______ oocyte ( haploid) and a ________ ______
Meiosis 1, secondary oocyte, polar body
When is the secondary oocyte released?
At ovulation
If the secondary oocyte is penetrated by a sperm, it completes _________. What does this produce?
Meiosis 2, an ovum and another polar body
What happens to the polar bodies after meiosis 2?
They degenerate
The follicular phase is the period of follicle ______
Growth
How long does the follicular phase last?
Days 1 through 14
This is the name for the period of corpus luteum activity:
The luteal phase
The luteal phase covers what days?
14-28
How many women actually have an ovarian cycle of 28 days?
10-15%
The ovarian cycle can last anywhere from ___ days to _____ days
21 to 40 days
In ovarian cycles that are not 28 days, it is the ______ phase that changes:
Follicular
During the follicular phase, the _________ follicle passes through the ______ and ______ stages and matures into a ______ follicle
Primordial

Primary and secondary

Vesicular or graafian follicle
The single layer of follicular cells becomes multiple layers of _______ cells, which produce _______
Granulosa

Estrogen
What develops as the granulosa cells develop?
A fluid-filled antrum
The vesicular follicle is about ______ cm in diameter and bulges from the surface of the ______
2.5, ovary
What stage is completed right before ovulation?
Meiosis 1
What day does ovulation occur?
about day 14
What happens to the follicle and the oocyte during ovulation?
The follicle ruptures and the oocyte is expelled
After ovulation, the follicle transforms into a ______ ______
corpus luteum
What hormone does the corpus luteum produce?
progesterone (and some lesser amounts of estrogen)
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
it degenerates
How long will the luteum persist if pregnancy occurs?
several months
How long does it take for a fertilized egg to begin implantation in the uterus?
6-7 days
What does FSH and LH stand for?
follicle stimulating hormone

lutenizing hormone
An increase in FSH and LH on Day 1 of the ovarian cycle stimulates what?
growth of the follicle and estrogen production
When estrogen levels are high enough, what happens?
a burst of LH is released
What does a burst of LH cause? (3 things)
1) completion of Meiosis 1
2) ovulation of the oocyte
3) development of the corpus luteum
What happens to estrogen and progesterone levels when the corpus luteum degenerates?
both decrease
This refers to the changes that occur in the endometrium during each ovarian cycle:
the uterine or menstrual cycle
What days does the menstrual phase fall on?
days 1-5
This is known as the shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium:
menstruation
Which day is the first day of menstrual flow?
day 1
What days does the proliferative phase fall on?
days 6-14
Do the estrogen levels fall or rise during the proliferative phase?
rise
What do rising estrogen levels from the developing follicle do to the functional layer of the endrometrium?
it rebuilds it
What days does the secretory phase fall on?
days 15-28
What is the endometrium doing during the secretory phase?
preparing for implantation of an embryo
What happens to the amount of glands an blood vessels during the secretory phase?
both increase in number
If fertilization does not occur during the secretory phase, what happens?
decrease in estrogen and progesterone - causes ischemia of functional layer
What happens to the spiral arteries on day 1 of menstruation? What does this do to the functional layer?
they dilate - causes functional layer to be washed away
What two phases correspond to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
menstrual and the proliferative phases
This corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle:
the secretory phase
Rising estrogen levels in puberty promote what:
maturation of the female reproductive structures
Who grows faster during puberty? (boys or girls)?
girls
When do girls usually stop growing? boys?
18 years for girls

20 years for boys
Increased estrogen levels cause the _________ of the long bones to close.
epiphyses
What are the developing secondary sex characteristics of females?
growth of breasts, increased deposition of subcutaneous fat, widening of the pelvis, and growth of the pubic and axillary hair
What does estrogen do for cholesterol levels and bone density?
decreases cholesterol, maintains bone density
What hormone is most important during pregnancy?
progesterone
This is known as the cessation of ovulation and menstruation:
menopause
When does menopause occur (what ages?)
between 46 and 54
What happens to estrogen during menopause? This can cause what symptom?
production is stopped; causes hot flashes