A&p 2 - Chapter 23 - Digestive System

Front 1

What is the main function of the liver?

Back 1

To filter and process the nutrient-rich blood coming from the digestive organs

Front 2

What vein delivers the nutrient-rich blood to the liver?

Back 2

The hepatic portal vein

Front 3

What are the hexagonal structures in the liver called? What are the rows radiating out of the central vein called?

Back 3

Lobules, hepatocytes

Front 4

What three vessels are found in the portal triad?

Back 4

Portal Arterioles, portal venule, and bile ducts

Front 5

These guys connect the portal triad vessels with the central vein:

Back 5

Sinusoids

Front 6

What cells are found in the sinusoids that remove bacteria and cellular debris?

Back 6

Macrophages

Front 7

Where does the central vein drain into? Where do these vessels then drain into?

Back 7

Hepatic veins; inferior vena cava

Front 8

Where does the small bile duct in the triad empty into?

Back 8

The common hepatic duct

Front 9

What is the purpose of the hepatocytes?

Back 9

Process nutrients, store vitamins, and remove toxins

Front 10

Bile flows through the __________ to the bile ducts in the portal triads

Back 10

Canaliculi

Front 11

Inflammation of the liver

Back 11

Hepatitis

Front 12

What is cirrhosis?

Back 12

Infiltration of the of the liver with scar tissue, due to long-term inflammation (viral infection, alcohol)

Front 13

What problems does the scar tissue cause in the liver?

Back 13

Obstructs blood flow, causes portal hypertension. This causes elevated pressure in the portal venous system

Front 14

What do bile salts do?

Back 14

Emulsify fats

Front 15

Bile salts are recycled through the:

Back 15

Enterohepatic circulation

Front 16

This is what's absorbed from the blood and excreted in the bile.

Back 16

Bilirubin

Front 17

What causes jaundice?

Back 17

Blockage of the bile duct, elevated bilirubin levels in blood, causes yellow coloration

Front 18

How much bile does the liver produce per day?

Back 18

500- 1000 ml per day

Front 19

How big is the gallbladder? (length)

Back 19

10 cm

Front 20

What is the gallbladders job?

Back 20

To store and concentrate bile

Front 21

The gallbladder is attached to the bile duct by what?

Back 21

Attached to the bile duct by the cystic duct

Front 22

When does bile back up into the gallbladder?

Back 22

When the hepatopancreatic sphincter is closed, when NOT digesting

Front 23

What does chyme in the duodenum cause the release of?

Back 23

Cholecystokinin (CCK) - intestinal hormone

Front 24

What does CCK cause?

Back 24

Contraction of the Gallbladder and relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter

Front 25

What causes gallstones?

Back 25

Bile contains cholesterol, forms gall stones, stone block cystic duct and produce pain, pass into bile duct

Front 26

The pancreas is located ________ to the stomach and is retro____________.

Back 26

Posterior, retro peritoneal

Front 27

The ______ of the pancreas is encircled by the duodenum, the _____ is the mid-portion, and the ______ extends to the splenic hilum.

Back 27

Head, body, tail

Front 28

What does the pancreas do?

Back 28

Produces enzymes to break down all categories of food molecules (proteases, lipases, amylases, nucleases)

Front 29

Pancreatic juice exits through the ______ _______ ________, and ____________ into the duodenum

Back 29

Main pancreatic duct, ampulla

Front 30

Which duct enters the the duodenum proximal to the major papilla?

Back 30

The small accessory pancreatic duct

Front 31

These are clusters of cells that secrete enzyme-rich fluid:

Back 31

acini

Front 32

The pancreas secretes how much fluid daily?

Back 32

1200-1500ml

Front 33

The pancreatic duct cells secrete what type of fluid?

Back 33

bicarbonate-rich

Front 34

What does bicarbonate-rich fluid do for the duodenum?

Back 34

neutralizes the stomach acid

Front 35

These are the inactive molecules secreted by the pancreas: What happens to these molecules once they reach the duodenum and what do they do?

Back 35

proteases

they are activated by enzymes; and they prevent self-digestion

Front 36

Are there active molecules secreted by the pancreas? What is the inactive one?

Back 36

yes; proteases

Front 37

What does chyme in the duodenum cause the release of?

Back 37

secretin and CCK

Front 38

What two functions does secretin have?

Back 38

stimulates pancreatic secretion and stimulates the production of bile by the liver

Front 39

What function does CCK have?

Back 39

stimulates pancreatic secretion

Front 40

How much HCO3 is produced in comparison to the amount of HCl made in the stomach?

Back 40

they are matched

Front 41

What does the HCl:HCO3 ratio do to the body during digestion?

Back 41

it prevents any significant pH changes in the blood during digestion

Front 42

How long does it take food to pass through the small intestine?

Back 42

3-6 hours

Front 43

What is absorbed in the small intestine?

Back 43

nutrients and water

Front 44

What is another name for the cessation (the ending) of intestinal motility? and what is it usually caused by?

Back 44

paralytic ileus

injury to the small intestine

Front 45

The large intestine starts at the ___________ _____ and ends at the _________

Back 45

ileocecal valve; anus

Front 46

Is the ileocecal valve considered a one-way valve?

Back 46

yes

Front 47

How long is the large intestine?

Back 47

4-5 feet

Front 48

Name the major functions of the large intestine:

Back 48

1. to absorb remaining water
2. site for temporary storage
3. eliminates feces

Front 49

Is the longitudinal layer complete?

Back 49

no

Front 50

What are the three longitudinal bands of the small intestine called?

Back 50

tenaie coli

Front 51

These are the large sac-like projections of the wall of the large intestine

Back 51

haustra

Front 52

Name the divisions of the large intestine:

Back 52

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal

Front 53

What quadrant is the cecum located in?

Back 53

the right lower quadrant

Front 54

What is the appendix?

Back 54

a blind tube that extends from the base of the cecum

Front 55

What is the term for the inflammation of the appendix?

Back 55

appendicitis

Front 56

What causes appendicitis?

Back 56

blockage of the lumen

Front 57

what happens if appendicitis is allowed to persist?

Back 57

the appendix can rupture, leading to peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal organs)

Front 58

Name the divisions of the colon:

Back 58

ascending, hepatic flexure, transverse, splenic flexure, descending, and sigmoid colon

Front 59

Which areas of the colon are intra-peritoneal?

Back 59

transverse and sigmoid

Front 60

The transverse and sigmoid colons also contain:

Back 60

mesocolons or folds of peritoneum, or mesentery, attached to the colon

Front 61

Which divisions of the colon are considered retroperitoneal?

Back 61

ascending, hepatic flexure, splenic flexure, and descending colon

Front 62

The rectum lies just anterior to what two structures?

Back 62

the sacrum and the coccyx

Front 63

How long is the anal canal?

Back 63

3 cm long

Front 64

What is the external opening of the large intestine called?

Back 64

anus

Front 65

What is another name for the thickening of the inner circular layer of muscularis?

Back 65

the internal anal sphincter

Front 66

What type of muscle is the internal anal sphincter made up of? Is this muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Back 66

smooth; involuntary

Front 67

What type of muscle is the external anal sphincter made up of? Is this muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Back 67

skeletal muscle; voluntary

Front 68

What type of cells can be seen in the columnar mucosa of the large intestine?

Back 68

goblet cells

Front 69

True of false? The large intestine has thousands of villi along the wall that helps move food through the digestive tract.

Back 69

false

Front 70

The anal canal is lined with what type of tissue?

Back 70

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 71

What do the anal sinuses secrete?

Back 71

mucous

Front 72

This is the name of the line that runs just below the anal sinuses:

Back 72

pectinate or dentate line

Front 73

What type of sensory innervation is seen below the pectinate line? above?

Back 73

somatic (voluntary); visceral

Front 74

What part of the anal canal can cause hemorrhoids?

Back 74

the superficial venous plexuses

Front 75

Is the outer longitudinal muscle complete?

Back 75

yes the outer muscularis is complete

Front 76

Approximately how many species of bacteria exist in the colon? What are these referred to as?

Back 76

>700; bacterial flora

Front 77

Are the bacteria in the colon harmful?

Back 77

if they remain in the lumen, no

Front 78

Which vitamins do the bacteria in the colon produce? What do they help with?

Back 78

Vitamin B and vitamin K; used by the liver to synthesize clotting factors

Front 79

How long does it take food to pass through the large intestine?

Back 79

12-24 hours

Front 80

Is there any chemical digestion in the colon? What's absorbed here?

Back 80

no; vitamins and water

Front 81

True or false: The colon is essential to life.

Back 81

False

Front 82

Name the contractile waves in the large intestine. How are they activated?

Back 82

mass movements; by food entering the stomach

Front 83

How often do mass movements occur?

Back 83

3-4 times/day

Front 84

When mass movements are stimulated by food entering the stomach, we refer to this as the:

Back 84

gastrocolic reflex

Front 85

These are the small pouches of mucosa which protrude through the muscularis of the colon wall:

Back 85

diverticuli

Front 86

A person who has diverticuli has ___________ (condition). This is caused by what?

Back 86

diverticulosis

constipation

Front 87

What is the name for an infected diverticulum?

Back 87

diverticulitis

Front 88

What do feces consist of?

Back 88

undigested food residue, mucous, sloughed epithelial cells, bacteria, and water

Front 89

When mass movements move feces into the rectum, dilation stimulates the :

Back 89

defecation reflex

Front 90

What parts of the colon contract during the defecation reflex? What relaxes?

Back 90

The sigmoid colon and the rectum contract, the internal anal sphincter relaxes

Front 91

Anything that increases the speed of passage through the large intestine will cause:

Back 91

diarrhea

Front 92

Inflammation of the mucosa in the large intestine will ultimately cause a person to have:

Back 92

diarrhea (from decreased water absorption)

Front 93

Anything that slows the passage of food through the large intestine will cause:

Back 93

constipation

Front 94

What usually causes constipation?

Back 94

a lack of fiber in the diet

Front 95

What other factors may cause constipation besides lack of fiber?

Back 95

medications, stress, and a lack of exercise

Front 96

What is the name for the inflammation of the GI mucosa?

Back 96

gastroenteritis

Front 97

What is the name for the inflammation of the gallbladder?

Back 97

cholecystitis

Front 98

Is it common to see the early stages of GI cancer? why or why not?

Back 98

no; the diameter of the tract is large

Front 99

Where do most metastases travel to once cancer has metastasized in the large intestine?

Back 99

to the liver

Front 100

Colon cancers originate from:

Back 100

benign polyps

Front 101

How are benign polyps removed?

Back 101

by colonoscopy

Front 102

Where does the celiac trunk branch from?

Back 102

the aorta

Front 103

What three branches does the celiac trunk divide into?

Back 103

the common hepatic, the splenic, and the left gastric arteries

Front 104

What does the common hepatic artery divide into?

Back 104

the gastroduodenal artery and the proper hepatic artery

Front 105

What organ(s) does the gastroduodenal artery supply?

Back 105

the stomach, the duodenum and the pancreas

Front 106

What organ(s) does the proper hepatic artery supply?

Back 106

the liver

Front 107

The splenic artery supplies which organs?

Back 107

the spleen, pancreas, and stomach

Front 108

The left gastric artery supplies blood to what organs?

Back 108

the proximal stomach and distal esophagus

Front 109

The superior mesenteric artery branches from the _________ and passes just inferior to the ________

Back 109

aorta, pancreas

Front 110

Where does the superior mesenteric artery enter?

Back 110

the mesentery of the small intestine

Front 111

What sections of the digestive tract does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

Back 111

the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and first half of the small intestine

Front 112

What artery branch supplies the appendix and cecum?

Back 112

the ileocolic branch

Front 113

What section does the right colic branch supply? the middle colic?

Back 113

ascending colon; the transverse colon

Front 114

What supplies the distal half of the large intestine?

Back 114

the inferior mesenteric artery

Front 115

The left colic supplies what sections? the sigmoidal branch?

Back 115

the descending colon; the sigmoid

Front 116

What supplies the rectum with blood?

Back 116

the superior rectal branch

Front 117

All of the veins coming from the digestive organs come together to form the:

Back 117

hepatic portal vein

Front 118

The hepatic portal vein delivers blood to what organ? And what system is this a part of?

Back 118

the liver

the hepatic portal venous system

Front 119

After leaving the liver, the blood then passes through the ______ _____ which drain into the ________ ________ _______

Back 119

hepatic veins

IVC (inferior vena cava)

Front 120

Veins are named according to the corresponding ______ that supplies the organ

Back 120

artery