A&p 1 - Lecture

Front 1

groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

Back 1

tissues

Front 2

study of tissues

Back 2

histology

Front 3

which tissue covers

Back 3

epithelial

Front 4

which tissue supports

Back 4

connective

Front 5

which tissue produces movement

Back 5

muscle

Front 6

which tissue controls

Back 6

nerve

Front 7

examples of nervous tissue

Back 7

brain

spinal cord

nerves

Front 8

________ muscle is attached to bones

Back 8

skeletal

Front 9

_________ muscles = heart

Back 9

cardiac

Front 10

__________ muscles are those on the walls on hollow organs

Back 10

smooth

Front 11

which tissue lines the digestive tract organs

Back 11

epithelial

Front 12

examples of connective tissue

Back 12

bones

tendons

fat

Front 13

what does staining do in terms of microscopy

Back 13

enhances contrast

Front 14

two main types of epithelial tissue by location

Back 14

covering and lining

grandular

Front 15

where is glandular epithelia located

Back 15

secretory tissue in glands

Front 16

functions of epithelial tissues

Back 16

protection

absorption

filtration

excreting

secretion

sensory reception

Front 17

5 characteristics of epithelial tissues

Back 17

polarity

specialized contacts

supported by connective tissues

avascular

can regenerate

Front 18

types of polarity in epithelial cells

Back 18

apical surface

basal surface

Front 19

upper, free tissue that is exposed to exterior or cavity

Back 19

apical surface

Front 20

lower, attached tissue (polarity)

Back 20

basal surface

Front 21

most _______ surfaces of epithelial tissue has microvilli

Back 21

apical

Front 22

apical tissue that has microvilli

Back 22

brush border of intestinal lining

Front 23

which apical tissue has cilia

Back 23

lining of trachea

Front 24

_______ - glycoprotein and collagen fibers that lie adjacent to basal surface

Back 24

basal lamina

Front 25

the ___________ has adhesive sheets and selective filters

Back 25

basal lamina

Front 26

________ produces scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair

Back 26

basal lamina

Front 27

what are the lateral contacts

Back 27

tight junctions

desmosomes

Front 28

_________ are specialized contacts that bind adjacent cells

Back 28

lateral contacts

Front 29

________ is deep to basal lamina, network of collagen fibers

Back 29

reticular lamina

Front 30

basal lamina + reticular lamina = ________

Back 30

basement membrane

Front 31

the __________ reinforces the epithelial sheet, and resists stretching and tearing

Back 31

basement membrane

Front 32

the _______ defines the epithelial boudary

Back 32

basement membrane

Front 33

there are no blood vessels in ________ tissue

Back 33

epithelial

Front 34

how is epithelial tissue nourished

Back 34

by diffusion from underlying connective tissues

Front 35

_______ tissue is supplied by nerve fibers

Back 35

epithelial

Front 36

regeneration of epithelial tissue is stimulated by __________ and ______

Back 36

loss of apical-basal polarity

lateral contacts

Front 37

how are epithelial cells damaged

Back 37

exposed to friction

exposed to hostile substances

Front 38

with adequate nutrients, epithelial cells can replace lost cells by _____

Back 38

cell division

Front 39

_______ epithelia = single layer of cells

Back 39

simple

Front 40

______ epithelia = two or more layers of cells

Back 40

stratified

Front 41

names to indicate cell shape in epithelium

Back 41

squamous

cuboidal

columnar

Front 42

epithelia is classified by cell shape in ______ layer

Back 42

apical

Front 43

________ cells are flattened and scale like, nucleus is flattened

Back 43

squamous

Front 44

______ cells are boxlike and have round nuclei

Back 44

cuboidal

Front 45

_______ cells are tall and column shaped, nucleus is elongated

Back 45

colmnar

Front 46

characteristics of simple epithelia

Back 46

absorption

secretion

filtration

very thin

Front 47

ex. of simple squamous epithelium

Back 47

kidney , lungs

Front 48

_________ epithelium function where rapid diffusion is priority

Back 48

simple squamous

Front 49

fxn of simple squamous

Back 49

allows material to pass via diffusion

secretes lubricating substances

Front 50

two special types of simple squamous

Back 50

endothelium

mesothelium

Front 51

endothelium is the lining of:

Back 51

lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart

Front 52

the mesothelium is the epithelium of _________ int he ventral body cavity

Back 52

serous membranes

Front 53

single layer of cells used for secretion and absorption (epithelium)

Back 53

simple cuboidal

Front 54

_________ epithelia forms walls of smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules

Back 54

simple cuboidal

Front 55

single layers of tall closely packed cells used in absorption and secretion

Back 55

simple columnar

Front 56

location of simple columnar

Back 56

digestive tract, galbladder, excretory ducts

Front 57

epithelium that cells vary in height

Back 57

pseudostratified columnar

Front 58

function of pseudostratified

Back 58

secrete substances such as mucus

Front 59

location of pseudostratified

Back 59

sperm

trachea

Front 60

tissue that regenerates from below and has a major role of protection

Back 60

stratified epithelial

Front 61

cells that are farthest away from the ___________ are less viable due to nutrient deficiencies

Back 61

basal layer

Front 62

location of stratified squamous

Back 62

lining esophagus, mouth, and vagina

Front 63

location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 63

sweat and mammary glands

Front 64

location of stratified columnar

Back 64

pharynx, male urethra

Front 65

_______ epithelium forms the lining of hollow urinary organs

Back 65

transitional

Front 66

______ epithelium has the ability to change shape with stretch

Back 66

transitional

Front 67

location of transitional epithelium

Back 67

urinary bladder

Front 68

_______: one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion

Back 68

gland

Front 69

glands are classified by:

Back 69

- site of product release

-relative number of cells forming the gland

Front 70

types of product release

Back 70

endocrine

exocrine

Front 71

______ glands - secretions not released into a duct

Back 71

ductless

Front 72

_______ glands secrete hormones by exocytosis that travel through lymph or blood to their specific target organs

Back 72

ductless

Front 73

_______ glands: secretions are released onto body surfaces or into body cavities

Back 73

exocrine

Front 74

exocrine glands secrete products into _____

Back 74

ducts

Front 75

examples of exocrine secretions

Back 75

mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands

Front 76

the important unicellular glands are _______ and ______ cells

Back 76

mucous and goblet

Front 77

the exocrine glands are found in:

Back 77

epithelial lining of intestinal and respiratory tracts

Front 78

exocrine glands produce ______

Back 78

mucin

Front 79

mucin dissolves water to form ______

Back 79

mucus

Front 80

slimy, protective, lubricating coating

Back 80

mucus

Front 81

multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a ______ and _________

Back 81

duct

secretory unit

Front 82

multicellular exocrine glands are usually surrounded by supportive ______

Back 82

connective tissue

Front 83

connective tissue supplies ______ and ______ to the glands

Back 83

blood and nerve fibers

Front 84

simple glands contain _____ ducts

Back 84

unbranched

Front 85

compound glands contain ______ ducts

Back 85

branched

Front 86

_________ - secrete product by exocytosis as produced

Back 86

merocrine

Front 87

_________ - accumulate products then rupture

Back 87

holocrine

Front 88

________ - accumulates products within but only apex ruptures

Back 88

apocrine

Front 89

ex of simple tubular structure

Back 89

intestinal glands

Front 90

example of simple branched tubular

Back 90

stomach glands

Front 91

example of compound tubular

Back 91

deodenal glands

Front 92

ex. of simple branched alveolar

Back 92

sebaceous glands

Front 93

ex. of compound alveolar

Back 93

mammary glands

Front 94

ex. of compound tubuloalveolar

Back 94

salivary glands

Front 95

four main classes of connective tissue

Back 95

connective tissue proper

cartilage

bone

blood

Front 96

subclasses of connective tissue prober

Back 96

loose connective tissue

dense connective tissue

Front 97

types of loose connective tissue

Back 97

areolar

adipose

reticular

Front 98

types of dense connective tissue

Back 98

regular

irregular

elastic

Front 99

types of cells found in connective tissue proper

Back 99

fibroblasts

fibrocytes

defense cells

adipocytes

Front 100

matrix of connective tissue

Back 100

gel-like ground substance

Front 101

types of fibers found in connective tissue proper

Back 101

collager, reticular, elastic

Front 102

______ functions in binding tissue and results in mechanical stress such as tension

Back 102

connective tissue proper

Front 103

types of cartilage

Back 103

hyaline

elastic

fibrocartilage

Front 104

types of cells found in cartilage

Back 104

chondrocytes

chondroblasts

Front 105

types of matrix in cartilage

Back 105

gel like ground substance

Front 106

types of fibers found in cartilage

Back 106

collagen

elastic

Front 107

_______ fxns to cushion and support body structures

Back 107

cartilage

Front 108

cartilage resists compression b/c:

Back 108

large amounts of water held in the matrix

Front 109

types of bone tissue

Back 109

compact bone

spongy bone

Front 110

types of cells in bone tissue

Back 110

osteoblasts

osteocytes

Front 111

type of matrix found in bone tissue

Back 111

gel-like ground substance with calcified inorganic salts

Front 112

types of fibers found in bone tissue

Back 112

collagen

Front 113

______ = hard tissue that resists both compression and tension

Back 113

bone tissue

Front 114

types of cells in blood tissue

Back 114

erythrocytes (RBCs)

leukocytes (WBCs)

platelets

Front 115

type of matrix in blood tissue

Back 115

plasma

Front 116

what type of fiber is found in blood tissue

Back 116

none

Front 117

______ = a fluid tissue

Back 117

blood

Front 118

________ tissue functions to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

Back 118

blood

Front 119

functions of connective tissue

Back 119

binding and support

protecting

insulating

storing reserve fuel

transporting substances (blood)

Front 120

3 characteristics that make connective tissue different from other primary tissues

Back 120

-have mesenchyme

-have varying degrees of vascularity

- have extracellular matrix

Front 121

_________ = embryonic tissue in connective tissue

Back 121

mesenchyme

Front 122

three structural elements of connective tissue

Back 122

ground substance

fibers

cells

Front 123

________ = unstructured material that fills space between cells

Back 123

ground substance

Front 124

ground substance = medium through which solutes diffuse between _______ and ______

Back 124

blood capillaries

cells

Front 125

components of the ground substance

Back 125

-interstitial fluid

-cell adhesion proteins

-proteoglycans

Front 126

_________ are known as "glue" for attachment in the ground substance

Back 126

cell adhesion proteins

Front 127

__________: trap water in varying amounts and affect viscosity of the ground substance

Back 127

proteoglycans

Front 128

_______ strongest most abundant type of fiber that provides high tensile strength

Back 128

collagen

Front 129

_________: networks of long, thin elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

Back 129

elastic fibers

Front 130

_______: short, fine highly branched collagenous fibers

Back 130

reticular

Front 131

_______ blasts cells = mitotically active and secrete ground substance and fibers

Back 131

immature

Front 132

examples of immature blasts cells

Back 132

fibroblasts

chondroblasts

osteoblasts

hematopoietic stem cell

Front 133

_______ blasts cells maintain matrix

Back 133

mature

Front 134

types of mature blasts cells

Back 134

chondrocytes

osteocytes

Front 135

________ cells store nutrients

Back 135

fat

Front 136

types of white blood cells

Back 136

neutrophils

eosinophils

lymphocytes

Front 137

______ cells: initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect

Back 137

mast cells

Front 138

________ = phagocytic cells that eat dead cells and microorganisms

Back 138

macrophages

Front 139

when areolar connective tissue is inflamed it soaks up fluid, this process is called _______

Back 139

edema

Front 140

function of areolar connective

Back 140

wraps and cushions organs

macrophages phagocytize bacteria

important role in inflammation

holds and conveys tissue fluid

Front 141

cell of white fat

Back 141

adipocyte

Front 142

_______ tissue is similar to areolar but has greater nutrient storage

Back 142

adipose

Front 143

fxns of adipose tissue

Back 143

shock absorption

insulation

energy storage

Front 144

fxn of brown fat

Back 144

use lipid fuels to heat bloodstream

Front 145

location of adipose tissue

Back 145

under skin

around kidneys

eyeballs

abdomen

breasts

Front 146

reticular connective tissue has fibroblasts called _______ cells

Back 146

reticular

Front 147

fxn of reticular conn. tissue

Back 147

supports free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow

Front 148

fxn of reticular connective

Back 148

forms soft internal skeleton that supports white blood cells, macrophages, and mast cells

Front 149

location of reticular tissue

Back 149

lymph nodes

bone marrow

spleen

Front 150

____________ tissue: great resistance to pulling, slightly wavy to stretch slightly; poorly vascularized

Back 150

dense regular conn

Front 151

dense reg conn fxn

Back 151

attach muscles to bones/muscles

great tensile strength

Front 152

location of dense reg conn

Back 152

tendons, ligaments

Front 153

dense irregular conn resists tension from:

Back 153

dermis

fibrous joint capsules

fibrous coverings of some organs

Front 154

dense irregular conn function

Back 154

withstand tension

structural strength

Front 155

dense irregular conn location

Back 155

dermis

digestive tract

joints

Front 156

location of elastic conn tissue

Back 156

large arteries

Front 157

elastic conn fxn

Back 157

tissue recoil after stretching

blood flow through arteries

recoil of lungs after inspiration

Front 158

location of elastic conn

Back 158

walls of large arteries

Front 159

cartilage is __________; has to receive nutrients from its membrane surrounding it

Back 159

avascular

Front 160

membrane that surrounds cartilage and provides nutrients

Back 160

perichondrium

Front 161

_________; lacks nerve fibers and is 80% water

Back 161

cartilage

Front 162

location of hyaline cartilage

Back 162

ends of long bones, ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx

Front 163

location of elastic cartilage

Back 163

external ear

epiglottis

Front 164

________ maintains the shape of the structure while allowing great flexibility

Back 164

elastic cartilage

Front 165

_______: tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock

Back 165

fibrocartilage

Front 166

location of fibrocartilage

Back 166

intervertebral discs

discs in knee

Front 167

bone is also called ________ tissue

Back 167

osseous

Front 168

________ synthesizes blood cells in cavities

Back 168

bone

Front 169

bone contains more ________ than cartilage

Back 169

collagen

Front 170

_________ produce the matrix in bone

Back 170

osteoblasts

Front 171

_________ maintain the matrix in bone

Back 171

osteocytes

Front 172

________ = structural units of bone

Back 172

osteons

Front 173

_________ is richly vascularized (conn tissue)

Back 173

bone

Front 174

fxn of bone tissue

Back 174

provides levers for the muscles to act on

stores calcium and minerals

blood cell formation

Front 175

_______ = blood cell formation

Back 175

hematopoiesis

Front 176

_______ tissue is highly vascularized and responsible for most types of movement

Back 176

muscle

Front 177

types of muscle tissue

Back 177

skeletal

cardiac

smooth

Front 178

describe cardiac muscle

Back 178

branching

striated

intercalated discs

Front 179

fxn of smooth muscle

Back 179

propels objects along internal passageways

involuntary control

Front 180

location of nervous tissue

Back 180

brain

spinal cord

nerves

Front 181

______ = specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

Back 181

neurons

Front 182

________ = supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons

Back 182

neuroglia

Front 183

three types of lining membranes

Back 183

cutaneous

mucous

serous

Front 184

ex. of cutaneous membrane

Back 184

skin

Front 185

epidermis is made up of _________ and is attached to the dermis which is made up of ______

Back 185

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

dense irregular connective tissue

Front 186

______ membranes are dry

Back 186

cutaneous

Front 187

the _______ membrane covers the body surface

Back 187

cutaneous

Front 188

______ lines body cavities that are open to the exterior

Back 188

mucosa

Front 189

______ membranes are moist and bathed by secretions

Back 189

mucous

Front 190

epithelial sheet that lies over a layer of connective tissue is called _____

Back 190

lamina propria

Front 191

______ membranes are found in closed, ventral body cavity

Back 191

serousa

Front 192

serous membranes rest on _______ tissue

Back 192

areolar connective

Front 193

_______ serosae line internal body cavity walls

Back 193

parietal

Front 194

______ serosae cover internal organs

Back 194

visceral

Front 195

_______ fluid is found inbetween layers of serous membranes

Back 195

serous fluid

Front 196

types of serous membranes

Back 196

plurae

pericardium

peritoneum

Front 197

_______ membranes line body cavities that are closed to the exterior

Back 197

serous

Front 198

two ways of tissue repair

Back 198

regeneration

fibrosis

Front 199

in _______: the same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue; original fxn restored

Back 199

regeneration

Front 200

in ________: connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue; original fxn lost

Back 200

fibrosis

Front 201

what happens during inflammation

Back 201

release of inflammatory chemicals

dilation of blood vessels

increase in vessel permeability

clotting occurs

Front 202

step 1 of tissue repair

Back 202

inflammation

Front 203

steps of blood clotting

Back 203

severed blood vessles bleed

inflammatory chemicals released

WBCs, fluid, clotting proteins come to injurd area

clotting occurs and forms scab

Front 204

step 2 of tissue repair

Back 204

organization restores blood supply

Front 205

steps of restoration of blood supply

Back 205

blood clot replaced with granulation tissue

epithelium beings to regenerate

fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge the gap

debris is phagocytized

Front 206

step 3 in tissue repair

Back 206

regeneration and fibrosis

Front 207

steps of regeneration and fibrosis

Back 207

scab detaches

fibrous tissue matures;epithelium thickens

results in regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue

Front 208

which tissues regenerate well

Back 208

epithelial

bone

areolar connective

dense irregular conn

blood-forming tissue

Front 209

which tissues have moderate regenerating capacity

Back 209

smooth muscle

dense regular conn

Front 210

which tissues have no regenerative capacity

Back 210

cardiac muscle

nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord

Front 211

name the primary germ layers

Back 211

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

Front 212

which tissues arise from the ectoderm

Back 212

nerve tissue

Front 213

which tissues arise from the mesoderm

Back 213

muscle and connective

Front 214

which tissues are from all three germ layers

Back 214

epithelial

Front 215

when tissue repair is less efficient during aging, tissues being a process called _____

Back 215

atrophy

Front 216

atrophy can cause _________ which increase cancer risk

Back 216

DNA mutations

Front 217

______ cells are response to injury

Back 217

white blood cells

Front 218

two distinct regions of the skin

Back 218

epidermis

dermis

Front 219

_______ = subcutaneous layer under skin

Back 219

hypodermis

Front 220

the hypodermis anchors skin to ______

Back 220

muscles

Front 221

name the 5 distinct layers of the epidermis

Back 221

stratum basale

spinosum

granulosum

lucidum

corneum

Front 222

what layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin

Back 222

lucidum

Front 223

what are the four cell types of the epidermis

Back 223

keratinocytes

melanocytes

dendritic cells

tactile cells

Front 224

dendritic or ______ cells

Back 224

langerhans

Front 225

tactile or ______ cells

Back 225

merkel

Front 226

superficial layer made up of dead cells

Back 226

stratum corneum

Front 227

s. corneum has flat membranous sacs filled will ________, and has _______ in the extracellular space

Back 227

keratin

glycolipids

Front 228

epidermis layer that is typically 5 layers of flattened cells

Back 228

s. granulosum

Front 229

stratum granulosum has a cytoplasm full of ______ and ______ granules

Back 229

lamellar

keratohyaline

Front 230

_______ granules release lipids

Back 230

lamellar

Front 231

s. spinosum has several layers of keratinocytes unified by ______

Back 231

desmosomes

Front 232

stratum spinosum cells contain thick bundels of ________ made up of pre-keratin

Back 232

intermediate filaments

Front 233

epithelial layer that contains actively mitotic stem cells

Back 233

s. basale

Front 234

keratinocytes produce __________

Back 234

keratin

Front 235

keratinocytes are tightly connected by _______

Back 235

desmosomes

Front 236

melanocytes produce the pigment ______

Back 236

melanin

Front 237

melanin is packaged into _____

Back 237

melanosomes

Front 238

_______ make up most cells of the epidermis

Back 238

keratinocytes

Front 239

_______ protects the apical surface of keratinocyte nucleus from UV damage

Back 239

melanin

Front 240

_______ cells arise from the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

Back 240

dendritic

Front 241

_________ cells in the epidermis ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system

Back 241

dendritic

Front 242

__________ cells function as a sensory receptor for touch

Back 242

tactile/merkel

Front 243

S. basale or S. ________

Back 243

germinativum

Front 244

cell layer that is a single row of stem cells

Back 244

basale

Front 245

in S. basale, a stem cell produces two daughter cells following mitosis. Explain what happens to each

Back 245

1. journeys from basal to surface

2. remains in the s. basale as a stem cell

Front 246

how long does it take for a cell to move from s. basale to suraface

Back 246

25-45 days

Front 247

melanocytes compose ______% of s. basale

Back 247

10-25%

Front 248

how many cell layers in s. granulosum

Back 248

4-6

Front 249

in s. ________, keratinization begins

Back 249

granulosum

Front 250

cells accumulate lamellar granules b/c

Back 250

their water resistant glycolipid slows water loss

Front 251

cells accumulate ________ to help form keratin in upper layers

Back 251

keratohyaline granules

Front 252

why do cells above the s. granulosum die

Back 252

too far from dermal capillaries

Front 253

cell layer that is 20-30 rows of dead, flat, anucleate keratinized membranous sacs

Back 253

s. corneum

Front 254

functions of dead cells in the epidermis

Back 254

-protect deeper cells from environment and water loss

-protect from abrasion and penetration

-barrier against biological and physical assaults

Front 255

cell layer that makes up 3/4 of epidermis

Back 255

s. corneum

Front 256

cells change from s. basale to s. coreum by a process of ________

Back 256

apoptosis

Front 257

________ = controlled cellular suicide

Back 257

apoptosis

Front 258

we shed ~_________ cells every minute

Back 258

50,000

Front 259

cells in the dermis

Back 259

fibroblasts

macrophages

mast cells

white blood cells

Front 260

which part of the skin contains nerve fibers and blood/lymphatic vessels

Back 260

dermis

Front 261

_______ contains hair follicles, and oil/sweat glands

Back 261

dermis

Front 262

two layers of dermis

Back 262

papillary

reticular

Front 263

papillary layer is made up of:

Back 263

areolar connective tissue

collagen/elastic fibers

blood vessels

Front 264

why is the papillary layer loose tissue

Back 264

phagocytes can patrol for microorganisms

Front 265

_________ are superficial peglike projections in the dermis

Back 265

dermal papillae

Front 266

what do dermal papillae contain

Back 266

capillary loops

meissners corpuscles (touch receptors)

free nerve endings (pain receptors)

Front 267

_____________ are responsible as touch receptors in the skin

Back 267

meissners corpuscles

Front 268

in thick skin, dermal papillae can lie atop ________ that enhance gripping ability

Back 268

friction ridges

Front 269

friction ridges contribute to sense of _____

Back 269

touch

Front 270

layer of the dermis that makes up 80% of it

Back 270

reticular

Front 271

reticular layer of dermis is made up of what type of tissue

Back 271

dense fibrous connective tissue

Front 272

most collagen fibers produce ________ that are important to surgeons

Back 272

cleavage lines

Front 273

incisions that are parallel to __________, gap less and heal more quickly

Back 273

cleavage lines

Front 274

_________, provide strength and bind water in the dermis

Back 274

collagen fibers

Front 275

_________ are dermal folds at or near joints

Back 275

flexure lines

Front 276

flexure lines are visible on:

Back 276

hands

wrists

fingers

soles

toes

Front 277

flexure lines is where the dermis is tightly secured to _________

Back 277

deeper structures

Front 278

why do flexure lines create deep creases

Back 278

skin cannot slide easily for joint movement

Front 279

_______ are silvery-white scars

Back 279

striae

Front 280

striae are known as ________

Back 280

stretch marks

Front 281

_______ are caused by extreme stretching resulting in dermal tears

Back 281

striae

Front 282

________ form from acute, short-term trauma in the skin

Back 282

blister

Front 283

________ are fluid filled pockets that separates epidermal and dermal layers

Back 283

blisters

Front 284

three pigments that contribute to skin color

Back 284

melanin

carotene

hemoglobin

Front 285

only pigment made in the skin

Back 285

melanin

Front 286

_________ migrates to keratinocytes to form "pigment shields" for nuclei

Back 286

melanin

Front 287

freckels and moles are local accumulations of _____

Back 287

melanin

Front 288

___________ stimulates melanin prouction

Back 288

sun exposure

Front 289

sun spots are a ________, not related to melanin

Back 289

fungal infection

Front 290

yellow to orange pigment that is most obvious in palms and soles

Back 290

carotene

Front 291

carotene accumulates in the ____ and ___

Back 291

s. corneum

hypodermis

Front 292

carotene can be converted to _______ for vision and epidermal health

Back 292

vitamin A

Front 293

________ causes a pinkish hue in fair skin individuals

Back 293

hemoglobin

Front 294

________ = blue skin color

Back 294

cyanosis

Front 295

_______ is due to low oxygenation of hemoglobin

Back 295

cyanosis

Front 296

______ causes redness of the skin

Back 296

erythema

Front 297

erythema is due to:

Back 297

fever

hypertension

inflammation

allergy

Front 298

_______ is known as blanching

Back 298

pallor (pale)

Front 299

pallor is caused by:

Back 299

anemia

low blood pressure

fear

anger

Front 300

_______ is a yellow coloring of the skin

Back 300

jaundice

Front 301

jaundice is caused by a ______

Back 301

liver disorder

Front 302

bronzing in skin is caused by:

Back 302

inadequate steroid hormones in addisons disease

Front 303

bruises are due to:

Back 303

clotted blood beneath the skin

Front 304

derivatives of the epidermis

Back 304

hair/hair follicles

nails

sweat/oil glands

Front 305

_______ = dead keratinized cells of hard keratin

Back 305

hair

Front 306

hair is not located in:

Back 306

palms

soles

lips

nipples

portions of external genitalia

Front 307

functions of hair

Back 307

warns of insects on skin

physical trauma

heat loss

sunlight

Front 308

_________ is the hair pigment in red hair

Back 308

trichosiderin

Front 309

grey/white hair is caused by"

Back 309

decreased melanin production

increased air bubbles in shaft

Front 310

parts of the hair follicle

Back 310

hair bulb

arrector pili

hair papilla

Front 311

parts of the hair bulb

Back 311

hair follicle receptor

sensory nerve endings

hair matrix

Front 312

______ = smooth muscle attached to follicle that is responsible for goosebumps

Back 312

arrector pili

Front 313

_________ is the dermal tissue used for blood supply in hair follicles

Back 313

hair papilla

Front 314

_______ hair = pale, fine body hair of children and adult females

Back 314

vellus

Front 315

_________ hair = coarse, long hair of eyebrows and scalp

Back 315

terminal

Front 316

we lose _____ scalp hairs daily

Back 316

90

Front 317

______ and _____ affect hair growth

Back 317

nutrition and hormones

Front 318

hair follicles cycle between ____ and _____ phases

Back 318

active

regressive

Front 319

_______ = hair thinning after age 40

Back 319

alopecia

Front 320

baldness is determined by:

Back 320

genetics

sex - influenced

Front 321

male pattern baldness is called by follicular response to _____

Back 321

DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

Front 322

minoxidil and finasteride are treatments for ______

Back 322

baldness

Front 323

sweat glands or _______

Back 323

sudoriferous

Front 324

we have approx _______ sudoriferous glands

Back 324

3 million

Front 325

two types of sweat glands

Back 325

eccrine

apocrine

Front 326

sweat glands contain _______ cells that contract upon nervous system to force sweat into ducts

Back 326

myoepithelial

Front 327

_______ sweat glands are abundance on palms, soles, and forehead

Back 327

eccrine

Front 328

_______ ducts connect to pores

Back 328

eccrine sweat glands

Front 329

eccrine sweat glands function in _____

Back 329

thermoregulation

Front 330

eccrine sweat glands are regulated by ______ system

Back 330

sympathetic nervous

Front 331

sweat is composed of:

Back 331

99% water

salts

vit C

antibodies

metabolic wastes

Front 332

apocrine sweat glands are confined to _____ and _____ areas

Back 332

axillary

anogenital

Front 333

apocrine sweat is made up of ______ + _____ + ______

Back 333

sweat, fatty substances, proteins

Front 334

_______ sweat is milky or yellowish

Back 334

apocrine

Front 335

________ sweat glands ducts empty into hair follicles

Back 335

apocrine

Front 336

________ sweat glands begin functioning at puberty

Back 336

apocrine

Front 337

types of modified apocrine sweat glands

Back 337

ceruminous

mammary

Front 338

________ glands are the lining of the external ear canal and secrete ______

Back 338

cerumen

Front 339

cerumen = ____

Back 339

ear wax

Front 340

mammary glands secrete ____

Back 340

milk

Front 341

______ glands secrete into hair follicles and are inactive until puberty

Back 341

sebaceous glands

Front 342

sebaceous glands secrete ______

Back 342

sebum

Front 343

oil glands are stimulated by ______ especially ____

Back 343

hormones

androgens

Front 344

______ is a oily holocrine secretion

Back 344

sebum

Front 345

fxn of sebum

Back 345

bactericidal

softens hair and skin

Front 346

three types of protection barriers

Back 346

chemical

physical

biological

Front 347

what are the chemical barriers

Back 347

skin secretions

melanin

Front 348

how are skin secretions chemical barriers

Back 348

slows bacterial multiplication

sebum and defensins kill bacteria

Front 349

what are the physical barriers of the skin

Back 349

flat, dead cells of the s corneum

keratin and glycolipids

Front 350

what are the biological barriers

Back 350

dendritic cells of epidermis

macrophages of dermis

DNA

Front 351

______ and ______ present foreign antigens to WBCs

Back 351

dendritic cells

macrophages

Front 352

_________ electrons absorb UV radiation and converts it to heat

Back 352

DNA

Front 353

if body temp is normal, the routine is known as _________

Back 353

insensible perspiration

Front 354

if body temp rises, body routine switches to ______

Back 354

sensible perspiration

Front 355

what happens in sensible perspiration

Back 355

dilation of dermal vessels

increased sweat gland activity

Front 356

what happens in cold external environment

Back 356

dermal blood vessels constrict

skin temp drops to slow passive heat loss

Front 357

____________ sensory receptors detect temperature, touch, and pain

Back 357

cutaneous

Front 358

metabolic fxns of integumentary system

Back 358

synthesis of vitamin D and collagenase

chemical conversions of carcinogens

activate hormones

Front 359

skin holds up to _____% of bodys blood volume

Back 359

5

Front 360

integumentary system in excretion

Back 360

nitrogenous wastes and salts in sweat

Front 361

most skin tumors are ________ and do not _______

Back 361

benign

metastasize

Front 362

risk factors of skin cancer

Back 362

overexposure to UV radiation

frequent irritation of skin

Front 363

three major types of skin cancer

Back 363

basal cell carcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma

melanoma

Front 364

most common, least malignant skin cancer

Back 364

basal cell carcinoma

Front 365

squamous cell carcinoma involves _______ of s. spinosum

Back 365

keratinocytes

Front 366

squamous cell carcinoma are usually scaly, reddened papules on:

Back 366

scalp, ears, lower lip and hands

Front 367

________ = cancer of melanocytes

Back 367

melanoma

Front 368

_______ = most dangerous skin cancer and usually metastatic

Back 368

melanoma

Front 369

ABCD rule of detection of melanoma

Back 369

Asymmetry

Border irregularity

Color

Diameter

Front 370

what do burns do in the skin

Back 370

denature proteins

kills cells

Front 371

immediate threat of burns

Back 371

dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

Front 372

what does dehydration and electrolyte imbalance lead to

Back 372

renal shutdown and circulatory shock

Front 373

how are burns evaluated

Back 373

rule of nines

Front 374

________ estimate volume of fluid loss following a burn

Back 374

rule of nines

Front 375

partial thickness burns are which degree

Back 375

first and second

Front 376

______ degree burns are epidermal damage only

Back 376

first

Front 377

_______ degree burns are epidermal and upper dermal damage - blisters appear

Back 377

second

Front 378

full thickness burns are ______ degree

Back 378

third

Front 379

______ degree burns, the entire thickness of skin is involved

Back 379

third

Front 380

______ degree: skin grey-white, not painful or swollen

Back 380

third degree

Front 381

treatment of critical burns

Back 381

debridement

antibiotics

temporary covering

skin grafts

Front 382

________ = removal of burned skin

Back 382

debridement

Front 383

burns are critical if:

Back 383

more than 25% of body has 2nd degree

more than 10% has third degree

face, hands, or feet bear third degree

Front 384

ectoderm = _______

Back 384

epidermis

Front 385

mesoderm =

Back 385

dermis + hypodermis

Front 386

__________ = delicate hair in the 5th and 6th fetal month

Back 386

lanugo coat

Front 387

vernix caseosa protects _______

Back 387

skin of fetus

Front 388

vernix caseosa is a __________ secretion

Back 388

sebaceous gland

Front 389

aging skin becomes ___, ____, and ____

Back 389

thin dry itchy

Front 390

aging: subcutaneous fat and elasticity decrease leads to:

Back 390

cold intolerance

wrinkes

Front 391

aging skin: increased risk of cancer due to decreased numbers of ____ and ___

Back 391

melanocytes

dendritic cells

Front 392

to delay aging skin

Back 392

UV protection

good nutrition

lots of fluids

good hygiene

Front 393

_______ contains no blood vessels or nerves

Back 393

cartilage

Front 394

_______ surrounds skeletal cartilage - known as a dense connective tissue girdle

Back 394

perichondrium

Front 395

the perichondrium contains _____________ for nutrient delivery

Back 395

blood vessels

Front 396

all skeletal cartilages contain _______ and ________

Back 396

chondrocytes

extracellular matrix

Front 397

three types of skeletal cartilage

Back 397

hyaline

elastic

fibrocartilage

Front 398

______ cartilage contains ONLY collagen fibers

Back 398

hyaline

Front 399

_______ cartilage contains elastic fibers

Back 399

elastic

Front 400

_______ cartilage is seen in the external ear and epiglottis

Back 400

elastic

Front 401

_______ cartilage is seen in the respiratory tract and nasal cavity

Back 401

hyaline

Front 402

________ is made up of thick collagen fibers and has great tensile strength

Back 402

fibrocartilage

Front 403

_________ make up the menisci of the knee and vertebral discs

Back 403

fibrocartilage

Front 404

areas of hyaline cartilage

Back 404

nose

ribs

elbow

wrist

hips

ankles

trachea

Front 405

areas of elastic cartilage

Back 405

ear and epiglottis

Front 406

areas of fibrocartilage

Back 406

pubic symphysis

menisci

intervertebral discs

Front 407

________ growth = cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage

Back 407

appositional

Front 408

_______ growth = chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

Back 408

interstitial

Front 409

_______ of cartilage occurs during normal bone growth, hardening of cartilage

Back 409

calcification

Front 410

ages that calcification of cartilage happens

Back 410

youth

old age

Front 411

_______ named bones in skeleton

Back 411

206

Front 412

the skeleton is divided into two groups ______ and _____

Back 412

axial and appendicular

Front 413

what makes up the axial skeleton

Back 413

skull

vertebral column

rib cage

Front 414

what makes up the appendicular skeleton

Back 414

bones of upper and lower limbs

Front 415

bones by shape (4)

Back 415

long

short

flat

irregular

Front 416

name the long bones

Back 416

limb

wrist

ankle

Front 417

________ bones are longer than they are wide

Back 417

long

Front 418

________ bones are cube shaped bones

Back 418

short

Front 419

cube shaped bones are found in the ______ and ______

Back 419

wrist and ankle

Front 420

________ bones are found within tendons

Back 420

sesamoid

Front 421

example of a sesamoid bone

Back 421

patella

Front 422

_______ bones vary in size and number in different individuals

Back 422

short

Front 423

flat bones are found in the:

Back 423

sternum

scapulae

ribs

most skull bones

Front 424

_______ bones are found in the vertebrae and coxal bones

Back 424

irregular

Front 425

seven important fxns of bones

Back 425

support

protection

movement

mineral and growth factor storage

blood cell formation

triglyceride storage

hormone production

Front 426

what minerals are made in the bone

Back 426

calcium and phosphorus

Front 427

________ = blood cell formation

Back 427

hematopoiesis

Front 428

blood cell formation happens in _________ cavities of certain bones

Back 428

red marrow

Front 429

hormone produced in bone

Back 429

osteocalcin

Front 430

osteocalcin protects against:

Back 430

obesity

glucose intolerance

diabetes

Front 431

bones are ________ that contain different types of tissues

Back 431

organs

Front 432

three levels of bone structure

Back 432

gross anatomy

microscopic

chemical

Front 433

name the bone textures

Back 433

compact

spongy

Front 434

compact bone characteristics

Back 434

dense outer layer

smooth and solid

Front 435

types of spongy bone

Back 435

cancellous or trabecular

Front 436

honeycomb of flat pieces of bone deep to compact bone are called _____

Back 436

trabeculae

Front 437

thin plates of spongy bone are covered by ___

Back 437

compact bone

Front 438

plates of spongy bone are sandwiched between two connective tissue membranes _____ and ____

Back 438

periosteum and endosteum

Front 439

bone marrow is seen throughout _____ bone

Back 439

spongy

Front 440

hyaline cartilage covers ______ surfaces

Back 440

articular

Front 441

structure of long bone contains _____ and ______

Back 441

disphysis and epiphyses

Front 442

_______ = a tubular shaft that forms long axis of long bones

Back 442

diaphysis

Front 443

diaphysis is a compact bone that surrounds the ______ cavity

Back 443

medullary

Front 444

epiphyses are seen at bone _____

Back 444

ends

Front 445

________ cartilage coveres epiphyses

Back 445

articular

Front 446

between epiphyses are _______ lines

Back 446

epiphyseal

Front 447

remnant of childhood bone growth is seen at the _______

Back 447

epiphyseal plate

Front 448

white, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces

Back 448

periosteum

Front 449

periosteum makes up the outer ________ layer of dense irregular connective tissue

Back 449

fibrous

Front 450

________ fibers secure to bone matrix

Back 450

sharpey's

Front 451

_________ layer is adjacent bone

Back 451

osteogenic

Front 452

periosteum contains primitive cells called ______

Back 452

osteogenic cells

Front 453

_______ is used as an anchoring point for tendons and ligaments

Back 453

periosteum

Front 454

________ = delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface

Back 454

endosteum

Front 455

endosteum covers the ______ of spongy bone

Back 455

trabeculae

Front 456

________ lines canals that pass through compact bone

Back 456

endosteum

Front 457

________ is found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone

Back 457

red marrow

Front 458

red marrow is fond within the _______ of flat bones

Back 458

diploe

Front 459

_______ is found in the spongy bones of newborns

Back 459

red marrow

Front 460

long bones contain small amounts of marrow in the:

Back 460

heads of femur and humerus

Front 461

red marrow is most active in _____ and _____ bones

Back 461

diploe and irregular

Front 462

_______ marrow can convert to ____ marrow

Back 462

yellow; red

Front 463

bone markings can be seen in sites of ____, ______, and ______ attachment

Back 463

muscle, ligament, and tendon

Front 464

bone markings are conduits for _____ and ______

Back 464

blood vessels and nerves

Front 465

types of bone markings

Back 465

projections

depressions

openings

Front 466

________ = bone marking that indicates stresses caused by muscle pull or joint modifications

Back 466

projections

Front 467

_______ = large rounded projection that may be roughened

Back 467

tuberosity

Front 468

_______ = narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

Back 468

crest

Front 469

______ = very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

Back 469

trochanter

Front 470

ex. of a trochanter

Back 470

femur

Front 471

______ = narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest

Back 471

line

Front 472

________ = small rounded projection or process

Back 472

tubercle

Front 473

_______ = raised area on or above a condyle

Back 473

epicondyle

Front 474

_______ = sharp, slender often pointed projection

Back 474

spine

Front 475

________ = any bone prominence

Back 475

process

Front 476

bone expansion carried on a narrow neck

Back 476

head

Front 477

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Back 477

facet

Front 478

rounded articular projection

Back 478

condyle

Front 479

armlike bar of bone

Back 479

ramus

Front 480

________ = furrow

Back 480

groove

Front 481

________ = narrow, slitlike opening

Back 481

fissure

Front 482

______ = round or oval opening through a bone

Back 482

foramen

Front 483

_______ = indentation at the edge of a structure

Back 483

notch

Front 484

_______ = canal like passageway

Back 484

meatus

Front 485

______ = cavity within a bone filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Back 485

sinus

Front 486

shallow, basinlike depression in a bone often serving as an articular surface

Back 486

fossa

Front 487

five major cell types of bone

Back 487

osteogenic cells

osteoblasts

osteocytes

bone lining cells

osteroclasts

Front 488

osteogenic cells are also called ________

Back 488

osteoprogenitor cells

Front 489

__________ = mitotically active stem cells in the periosteum and endosteum

Back 489

osteogenic

Front 490

when osteogenic cells are stimulated, they differentiate into ________ or _____

Back 490

osteoblasts or bone lining cells

Front 491

_______ are known as bone-forming cells

Back 491

osteoblasts

Front 492

osteoblasts secrete _______

Back 492

osteoids

Front 493

_______ = unmineralized bone matrix

Back 493

osteoid

Front 494

_______ makes up 90% of bone protein

Back 494

collagen

Front 495

osteoid includes collagen and ______

Back 495

calcium-binding proteins

Front 496

______ = mature bone cells in lacunae

Back 496

osteocytes

Front 497

_________ monitor and maintain bone matrix, and act as stress sensors

Back 497

osteocytes

Front 498

osteocytes respond to and communicate mechanial stimuli to ______ and _____ so bone remodeling can occur

Back 498

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

Front 499

_______ = cells that destroy bone

Back 499

osteoclasts

Front 500

______ = flat cells on bone surfaces believed to help maintain matrix

Back 500

bone lining cells

Front 501

bone lining cells on external bone is called ________

Back 501

periosteal cells

Front 502

bone lining cells on the internal surfaces are called _______

Back 502

endosteal cells

Front 503

-------- are derived from hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages

Back 503

osteoclasts

Front 504

______ = giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption

Back 504

osteoclasts

Front 505

when osteoclasts are active, they rest in ______ and have a ruffled border

Back 505

resorption bay

Front 506

ruffled border of osteoclasts fxns:

Back 506

increases surface area for enzyme degradation of bone

seals off area from surrounding matrix

Front 507

compact bone also called ______

Back 507

lamellar bone

Front 508

________ = structural unit of compact bone

Back 508

osteon

Front 509

hollow tubes of bone matrix =

Back 509

lamellae

Front 510

osteon is also known as _____

Back 510

haversian system

Front 511

________ = elongated cylinder parallel to long axis of bone

Back 511

osteon

Front 512

________ bone contains canals and canaliculi

Back 512

compact

Front 513

___________ runs through core of osteon

Back 513

central canal

Front 514

central canal also known as _______

Back 514

haversian

Front 515

perforating canal is also known as ______

Back 515

volkmann

Front 516

___________ = canals lined with endoseum at right angles to central canal

Back 516

perforating canal

Front 517

_______ connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medulalry cavity, and central canal

Back 517

perforating canals

Front 518

________ = small cavities that contain osteocytes

Back 518

lacunae

Front 519

_______ = hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal

Back 519

canaliculi

Front 520

_______ form when matrix hardens and cells are trapped

Back 520

canaliculi

Front 521

fxn of canaliculi

Back 521

allows communication

permits nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one osteocyte to another throughout osteon

Front 522

_________ lamellae = incomplete, not part of complete osteon

Back 522

interstitial

Front 523

fxn of interstitial lamellae

Back 523

fill gaps between forming osteons

remnants of osteons cut by bone remodeling

Front 524

__________ lamellae extend around surface of diaphyis, resist twisting of long bone

Back 524

circumferential

Front 525

characteristics of spongy bone

Back 525

align along lines of stress to resist

no osteons

trabeculae

Front 526

_______ = 1/3 of bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

Back 526

osteoid

Front 527

resilience of bone is due to __________ in or between the collagen molecules

Back 527

sacrificial bonds

Front 528

_________ stretch and break easily on impact to dissipate energy and prevent fracture of bones

Back 528

sacrifical bones

Front 529

hydroxyapatites = _________ of bones

Back 529

mineral salts

Front 530

HYDROXYAPATITES = tiny __________ crystals in and around collagen fibers

Back 530

calcium phosphate

Front 531

chemical in bone responsible for hardness and resistance to compression

Back 531

hydroxyapatites

Front 532

bone can display _________ = lines in bones that are a proof of illness when bones stop growing so nutrients can prevent disease

Back 532

growth arrest lines

Front 533

_________ or osteogeneisis

Back 533

ossification

Front 534

_______ = process of bone tissue formation

Back 534

ossification

Front 535

________ = formation of bony skeleton

Back 535

ossification

Front 536

ossification begins in the _______ of development

Back 536

2nd month

Front 537

postnatal bone growth lasts until

Back 537

early adulthood

Front 538

two types of ossification

Back 538

endochondral

intramembranous

Front 539

_______ ossification = bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

Back 539

endochondral

Front 540

bones formed by endochondral ossification are called _______

Back 540

cartilage bones

Front 541

________ ossification = bone develops from fibrous membrane

Back 541

intramembranous

Front 542

bones formed by intramembranous ossification are called _______ bones

Back 542

membrane

Front 543

intramembranous ossification forms flat bones such as:

Back 543

clavicles and cranial bones

Front 544

endochrondral ossification beings at _________ in center of shaft

Back 544

primary ossification center

Front 545

explain endochondral ossification

Back 545

bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage

central cartilage calcifies and develops cavities

periosteal bud invades those cavities

leads to formation of spongy bone

diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms

epiphyses ossify

Front 546

intramembranous ossification location

Back 546

frontal

parietal

occipital

temporal

clavicles

Front 547

explain intramembranous ossification

Back 547

fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells

ossification centers appear

osteoid is secreted

woven bone and periosteum form

lamellar bone replaces woven bone and red marrow appears

Front 548

fibrous connective tissue membranes are formed by ______ cells

Back 548

mesenchymal

Front 549

______ growth = increase in length of long bones

Back 549

interstitial

Front 550

______ growth = increase in bone thickness

Back 550

appositional

Front 551

five zones caused by interstital growth

Back 551

resting

proliferation

hypertrophic

calcification

ossification

Front 552

interstitial growth requires presence of _______ cartilage

Back 552

epiphyseal

Front 553

what happens in resting zone

Back 553

cartilage on epiphseal side of epiphyseal plate, inactive

Front 554

what happens in proliferation zone

Back 554

cartilage on diaphysis side of epiphyseal plate is rapidly dividing and pushing epihysis away from diaphysis = lengthening

Front 555

what is the hypertrophic zone

Back 555

older chondrocytes closer to diaphysis and their lacunae enlarge and erode creating interconnecting spaces

Front 556

what happens in calcification zone

Back 556

surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies, chondrocytes die and deteriorate

Front 557

what happens in ossification zone

Back 557

chondrocyte deterioration leaves long spicules of calficied cartilage that are erroded by osteoclases

then covered with new bone by osteoclasts

ultimately replaced with spongy bone

Front 558

___________ = term for bone lengthening ceasing

Back 558

epiphyseal plate closure

Front 559

age for females/males of epiphyseal plate closure

Back 559

females - 18

males 21

Front 560

what fuses during epiphyseal plate closure

Back 560

bone of epiphysis and diaphysis

Front 561

explain appositional growth

Back 561

osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on external bone

osteoclasts remove bone on endosteal surfaec

*occurs throughout life

Front 562

________ hormone = stimulates epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

Back 562

growth

Front 563

________ hormone - modulates activity of growth hormone, ensures proper proportions

Back 563

thyroid

Front 564

______ and _______ promote growth spurts and end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure

Back 564

testosterone

estrogen

Front 565

we recycle 5-7% of bone each _____

Back 565

week

Front 566

spongy bone is replaced every ___ years

Back 566

3-4

Front 567

compact bone is replaced every _____ years

Back 567

10

Front 568

older bones become more brittle due to:

Back 568

calcium salts crystalizing

Front 569

bone homeostasis consists of _______ and _____

Back 569

bone remodeling and repair

Front 570

bone remodeling consists of ___ and ____

Back 570

bone deposit and resorption

Front 571

bone remodeling occurs at both __ and ___

Back 571

periosteum and endosteum

Front 572

what are the remodeling units of bone

Back 572

adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Front 573

_______ are in charge of bone resorption

Back 573

osteoclasts

Front 574

function of osteoclasts

Back 574

dig depreassions or grooves to break down matrix

secrete lysosomal enzymes that digest matrix and protons

acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms

Front 575

_________ phagocytize demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes

Back 575

osteoclasts

Front 576

_______ allows osteoclasts to release into interstitial fluid and then into blood

Back 576

transcytosis

Front 577

once resorption is complete, osteoclasts undergo _____

Back 577

apoptosis

Front 578

osteoclast activation involves ____ and _____ secreted proteins

Back 578

PTH and T cell

Front 579

bone remodeling is regulated by:

Back 579

negative feedback hormonal loop for calcium homeostasis

responses to mechanical and gravitational forces

Front 580

calcium fxns in:

Back 580

nerve impulse transmission

muscle contraction

blood coagulation

secretion by glands and nerve cells

cell division

Front 581

99% of calcium in the body is used as _______

Back 581

bone minerals

Front 582

intestinal absorption of calcium requires ______ metabolites

Back 582

vitamin D

Front 583

_________ hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that removes calcium from the bone

Back 583

parathyroid

Front 584

_________ hormone in the blood that lowers blood calcium levels temporarily

Back 584

calcitonin

Front 585

explain the Calcium feeback loop

Back 585

blood calcium levels down, PTH release, stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix that releases calcium, blood calcium levels rise, PTH release ends

Front 586

neuromuscular problems when calcium levels are too high/too low

Back 586

too low - hyperexcitability

too high - nonresponsiveness

Front 587

_________ = sustained high blood calcium levels

Back 587

hypercalcemia

Front 588

what happens during hypercalcemia

Back 588

deposits of calcium salts in blood vessels, interfere with kidney function

Front 589

_______ = hormone released by adipose tissue - role in bone density regulation

Back 589

leptin

Front 590

_______ inhibits osteoblasts in animals

Back 590

leptin

Front 591

_______ = neurotransmitter regulating mood and sleep

Back 591

serotonin

Front 592

serotonin is mostly made in the ______ and then secreted into ____ after eating

Back 592

gut

blood

Front 593

serotonin interferes with ____ activity

Back 593

osteoblast

Front 594

serotonin reuptake inhibitors cause:

Back 594

lower bone density

Front 595

ex. of serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Back 595

prozac

Front 596

__________ = bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on it

Back 596

Wolff's Law

Front 597

______ controls determine whether and when remodling occurs to changing blood calcium levels

Back 597

hormonal

Front 598

_________ determines where remodeling occurs

Back 598

mechanical stress

Front 599

bone fractures are most seen in _____ and ____ (age)

Back 599

youth - trauma

old age - weakness from bone thinning

Front 600

fracture classifications depend on:

Back 600

position of bone ends after fracture

completeness of break

whether skin is penetrated

Front 601

position of bone ends after fracture is either ____ and _____

Back 601

nondisplaced - normal position

displaced - out of normal alignment

Front 602

completeness of break is either ____ or ____

Back 602

complete - broken all the way through

incomplete - not broken all the way through

Front 603

fracture in which the skin is penetrated or not is known as ____ or ___

Back 603

open (compound) - skin is penetrated

closed (simple) - skin not penetrated

Front 604

________ = bone fragments into three or more pieces

Back 604

comminuted

Front 605

________ fracture where bone is crushed

Back 605

compression

Front 606

______ = fracture where ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

Back 606

spiral

Front 607

________ fracture = common sports fracture

Back 607

spiral

Front 608

_________ fracture = when epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

Back 608

epiphyseal

Front 609

_______ fracture = when broken bone is pressed inward

Back 609

depressed

Front 610

depressed fractures are common in which bone

Back 610

depressed

Front 611

_______ fracture = bone breaks incompletely - one side breaks, other side bends

Back 611

greenstick

Front 612

treatments of fracture repair

Back 612

reduction

immobilization

Front 613

_______ reduction = physician manipulates to correct position

Back 613

closed

Front 614

______ reduction = surgical pins or wires secure ends

Back 614

open

Front 615

________ = by cast or traction for healing

Back 615

immobilization

Front 616

stages of bone repair when a hematoma forms

Back 616

torn blood vessels hemorrhage

clot forms

site = swollen, painful, and inflamed

Front 617

explain fibrocartilagenous callus formation

Back 617

capillaries grow into hematoma

phagocytic cells clear debris

fibroblasts sercrete collagen fibers to connect broken ends

fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone

Front 618

name the stages of bone repair

Back 618

1. hematoma forms

2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms

3. bony callus forms

4. bone remodeling occurs

Front 619

explain the stage of bone repair where bony callus forms

Back 619

within 1 week, new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus

callus converted to bony callus of spongy bone

~2 months later firm union forms

Front 620

________ = condition where bones are poorly mineralized and calcium salts are not adequate

Back 620

osteomalacia

Front 621

_______ = osteomalacia of children

Back 621

rickets

Front 622

______ causes bowed legs and bone deformities

Back 622

rickets

Front 623

rickets is caused by ______ deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium

Back 623

vitamin D

Front 624

_________ = bone resorption outpaces deposit

Back 624

osteoporosis

Front 625

_____ and ____ is most susceptible to osteoporosis

Back 625

spongy bone of spine and neck of femur

Front 626

risk factors for osteoporosis

Back 626

petite body form

insufficient exercise

diet poor in calcium or protein

smoking

hormone - hyperthyroidism, diabetes

immobility

Front 627

traditional treatments for treating osteoporosis

Back 627

calcium

vitamin D supplements

weight bearing exercises

hormone replacement therapy

Front 628

_________ = decrease osteoclast activity

Back 628

bisphosphonates

Front 629

new drugs for osteoporosis treatment

Back 629

bisphosphonates

selective estrogen receptor modulators

statins

denosumab

Front 630

______ = mimic estrogen without targeting breast and uterus

Back 630

selective estrogen receptor modulators

Front 631

_______ = used for lowering cholesterol but also increase bone mineral density

Back 631

statins

Front 632

________ = monoclonal antibody that reduces fractures in men with prostate cancer

Back 632

denosumab

Front 633

prevent osteoporosis by:

Back 633

plenty of calcium in early adulthood

reduce carbonated beverage and alcohol consumption

plenty of weight bearing exercise

Front 634

__________ = disease where excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption happen

Back 634

pagets

Front 635

__________ causes very high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization

Back 635

pagets disease

Front 636

______ bone = bone made fast and poorly

Back 636

pagetic

Front 637

treatment for pagets diease

Back 637

calcitonin and biphosphonates

Front 638

most long bones ossify by ___ weeks

Back 638

8

Front 639

at age ____ all bones are completely ossified and skeletal growth ceases

Back 639

25

Front 640

in children and adolescents: bone formation exceeds bone ____

Back 640

resorption

Front 641

bone mass, mineralization and healing ability decrease with age beginning by age _____

Back 641

40

Front 642

bone loss is greater in:

Back 642

white

females