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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
____ is the movement of a higher solute concentration to and area with a lower solute concentration; without using energy
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Diffusion
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____ are the small structures contained within a cell, that perform the specific functions within the cell:
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Organelles
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The ____ ____ is the phospholipid bilayer boundary that controls the entry and exit of substances in and out of a cell:
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Plasma Membrane
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____ is the inner fluid part of a cell that contains enzymes and is where most cell activities take place
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Cytoplasm
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What are the four primary characteristics functions of cells:
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Cell metabolism and energy use, synthesis of molecules, cell to cell communication, reproduction
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The ____ is the centrally located structure in a cell, which directs cellular activities:
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Nucleus
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____ are extensions of the plasma membrane containing microfilaments which increases the surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption and secretion
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Microvilli
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____ are extensions of the plasma membrane made of microtubules, which move materials over the surface of the cell and provide locomotion
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Cilia
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____ are the site of protein synthesis, and are found on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulim or free floating in the cytoplasm
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Ribosomes
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Tubules and flattened sacs with attached ribosomes that conduct protein synthesis and then transport to the golgi apparatus
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Tubules off flattened sacs with no attached ribosomes, that manufactures lipids and carbohydrates, detoxifies chemicals, stores calcium
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulim
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Organelle consisting of flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other, that modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids for secretion and internal cell use:
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Golgi Aparatus
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Membrane sac pinched off the golgi apparatus that carries protein and lipids to a cells surface for secretion
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Secretory Vesicle
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Membrane vesicle pinched off the golgi apparatus that contains digestive materials "suicide sacs":
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Lysome
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The three primary components of the Nucleus:
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Nuclear envelope, Chromatin, Nucleous
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The ____ ____ is the double membrane enclosing the nucleus, connects to the endoplasmic reticulum, and separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm:
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Nuclear Envelope
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____ are dispersed thin strands of DNA, histones, and other proteins that condense to form chromosomes during cell division, and regulates protein syntheses and chemical reactions of the cell:
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Chromatin
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One or more dense bodies consisting of ribosomal RNA and proteins that is the assembly site of large and small ribosomal subunits:
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Nucleolus
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A membrane bound vesicle that contains catalase and is one site of lipid and amino acid degradation; breaks down hydrogen peroxide:
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Peroxisome
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Tube-like protein complexes in the cytoplasm that breaks down proteins in the cytoplasm:
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Proteasomes
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Spherical, rod-shaped, or thread like structures enclosed by a double membrane: inner membrane forms projections called cristae, that is the MAJOR site of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available:
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Mitochondria
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Pair of cylindrical organelles consisting of triplets of parallel microtubes that are the center for microtube formation, determines the cell polarity during division and forms the basal bodies of cilia and flagella:
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Centrioles
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Microtubes extending from the centrosome to chromosomes that assist in the separation of chromosomes during cell division:
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Spindle fibers
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Extension of the plasma membrane containing doublets of parallel microtubes that are responsible for movement of spermatoza:
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Flagella
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Substances inside the cell lipid membrane are said to be:
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Intracellular
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Substances outside the cell lipid membrane are said to be:
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Extracellualar
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Substances in between cells:
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Intercellular
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The regulation of ion movement by cells results in a charge difference across the plasma membrane, this is called the:
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Membrane Potential
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The outside of the plasma membrane has a more ____ charge
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+
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The inside of the plasma membrane has a more ____ charge
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-
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The collection of glycolipids and glycoproteins and carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane is called the:
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Glycocalyx
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____ readily assemble to form a lipid bilayer that functionally forms the cell membrane
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Phospholipids
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What are the two predominant lipids of the plasma membrane:
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Phospholipids and cholresterol
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(water loving)
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Hydrophilic
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(water fearing)
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Hydrophobic
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What does the fluid mosaic model suggest:
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That the plasma membrane is neither rigid nor static, but highly flexible and allows for shape change and composition change ofer time.
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What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane:
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It helps determine the fluid nature of the membrane, and limits the movement of phospholipids , providing stability to the plasma membrane
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____ ____ are the cell surface molecules that allow cells to identify one another or other molecules:
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Marker Molecules
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What are the two most common marker molecules:
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glycoproteins and glycolipids
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____ ____ are integral proteins in the cell membrane that allow for the attachment to other cells or extracellular molecules:
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Attachment Proteins
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____ are the proteins that attach cells to other cells:
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Cadherins
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____ are the proteins that attach cells to other extracellular molecules:
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Integrins
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____ ____ are the integral proteins in the plasma membrane that allow ions or other molecules to move from one side of the membrane to the other:
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Transport Proteins
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What are the three types of transport proteins:
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Channel Proteins, Carrier Proteins, and ATP Powered Pumps
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____ ____ are the proteins in the plasma membrane that form a tiny channel through the membrane:
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Channel Proteins
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Which transport protein has a specific binding site for ions or molecules:
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Carrier Proteins
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A carrier protein that moves one specific ion or molecule across the plasma membrane:
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Uniport
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A carrier protein that moves two different ions or molecules across the plasma membrane:
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Symport
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A carrier protein that moves two different ions or molecules in opposite directions across the plasma membrane:
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Antiport
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___ ___ ___ are transport proteins that move ions or molecules across the plasma membrane fueled by the breakdown of ATP
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ATP Powered Pumps
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____ ____ are the proteins or glycoproteins on the membrane surface with a receptor site, which, when activated sends a chemical signal to a cell which triggers a response
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Receptor proteins
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What are the four ways ions and molecules can pass through the plasma membrane:
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Directly dissolving through the phospholipid membrane, Membrane channels, Carrier Molecules, Vesicles
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How can some molecules and ions pass directly through the cell membrane, name three such molecules:
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Molecules soluble in lipids (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroids) dissolve in the lipid layers and pass through.
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Which transport mechanism allows H2O a rapid movement across the plasma membrane:
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Channel Proteins
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What is a vesicle:
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A small sac of fused plasma membrane that has absorbed and surrounded molecules, matter or even cells, and pulled the object into the cell.
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The ____ ____ is the difference in solute concentration between two points divided by the distance between the two points
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Concentration Gradient
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The study of the mechanism of heredity:
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Genetics
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The genes an organism has for a given trait:
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Genotype
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The expression of genes as a trait:
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Phenotype
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What are the three types of genetic dominance:
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Complete Dominance, Codominance, Incomplete Dominance
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What are polygenic traits and provide examples:
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Traits determined by multiple genes. Ex: Skin color, hair color, height
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____ are the site of protein synthesis:
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Ribosomes
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DNA in the nucleus is contained in the ____:
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Chromatin
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The process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus and sending it through the pores to the ribosomes:
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Transcription
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The synthesis of a protein at the ribosomes in response to the codons of mRNA is called ____:
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Translation
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A ____ specifies a particular amino acid during translation:
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Codon
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The study of heredity; those characteristics inherited by children from their parents:
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Genetics
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The study of how certain genetic traits are passed from a parent to the offspring:
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Mendelian Genetics
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This organelle is primarily known for digestion:
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Lysosomes
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This organelle is primarily known for detoxification
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Peroxisomes
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This enzyme is contained in a Peroxisome, that is used to break down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
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Catalase
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____ is the division of the cytoplasm of the cell to produce two new cells:
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Cytokinesis
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Any one of two or more genes that may occupy the same position or "locus" on a specific chromosome
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Allele
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An organism is ____ for a trait if the two alleles for a trait are identical; PP or pp
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Homozygous
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An organism is ____ for a trait if the two alleles for a trait are different; Pp
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Heterozygous
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All the cells of the body; except for gametes (sperm and eggs) are ____ cells
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Somatic
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The number of chromosomes in a somatic cell is called the ____, and and is 46 chromosomes.
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Diploid
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The number of chromosomes in a gamete cell is called the ____, and and is 23 chromosomes.
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Haploid
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What two types of cells are the gametes:
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Sperm and Eggs
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What is the chromosome pair for a female:
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XX
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What is the chromosome pair for a male:
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XY
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The 23 pairs of human chromosomes are divided into two sets, what are the two sets, and how many chromosome sets are in each:
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Autosomal (22) Sex Chromosomes (1)
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A ____ is comprised of DNA and proteins, and contains the genetic information of a cell....Humans have 23 pairs
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Chromosome
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The part of a chromosome where a gene is found
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Locus
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A ____ ____ is a failure of a structure or function (or both) as a result of abnormalities in a persons genetic makeup
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Genetic Disorder
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Agents that are known to cause genetic mutations are called:
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Mutagens
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A ____ is a set of signs and symptoms occurring together as a result of a single cause
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Syndrome
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The ____ ____ passively and/or actively regulates what enters or leaves a cell:
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Plasma Membrane
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What are the five main functions of membrane proteins
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Marker molecules, attachment proteins, transport proteins, receptor proteins, and enzymes
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____ is the diffusion of H2O across a selectively permeable membrane
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Osmosis
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____ ____ is the force required to prevent the movement of H2O across a selectively permeable membrane:
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Osmotic pressure
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Cells placed in a ____ solution will neither swell or shrink:
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Isotonic
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Cells placed in a ____ solution will shrink (crenation):
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Hypertonic
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Cells placed in a ____ solution will swell (lysis)
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Hypotonic
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____ is the movement of a liquid through a partition with holes that allow liquid, but not everything in the liquid to pass through
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Filtration
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____ is the movement of materials into a cell:
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Endocytosis
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____ is the movement of particles into a cell by the formation of a vesicle by the plasma membrane:
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Phagocytosis
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____ is the movement of materials out of a cell:
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Exocytosis
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A ____ is a portion of a DNA molecule and determines the proteins in a cell
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Gene
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____ contain their own DNA and can replicate independently of the cell:
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Mitochondria
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What are the two stages of a cells life cycle:
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Interphase and Cell Division
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____ is the time between cell divisions, this is the time of DNA replication
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Interphase
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____ is the replication of the nucleus of a cell, and the process of cell division resulting in two daughter cells
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Mitosis
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____ is the division of the cytoplasm of a cell
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Cytokinesis
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What are the four phases of mitosis:
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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During this phase of mitosis, chromatin condenses to become visible chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form, and the nuclear envelope degenerates:
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Prophase
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During this stage of mitosis, chromosomes align at the equatorial plane:
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Metaphase
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During this stage of mitosis, the chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite poles:
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Anaphase
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During this stage of Mitosis, chromosomes unravel to become chromatin, and the nuclear envelope and nucleoli reappear
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Telophase
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During mitosis, ____ begins with the formation of the cleavage furrow during anaphase and is complete when the plasma membrane comes together making two daughter cells
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Cytokinesis
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Chromosome pairs are called ____ ____
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Homologous Chromosomes
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____ results in the production of gametes
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Meiosis
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____ ____ is the carrier or channel based process of moving things in/out of cells. not requiring metabolic energy
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Facilitated diffusion
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____ ____ are the processes by which transport proteins assist in the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane:
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Mediated Transport
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____ is the movement of smaller molecules into the cell by the formation of a vesicle by the plasma membrane:
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Pinocytosis
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Are endocytosis and exocytosis active or passive processes:
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Active
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What are the three systems of mediated transport:
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Channel proteins, Carrier proteins, and ATP Powered Pumps
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What are the three kinds of mediated transport:
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Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport, Secondary Active Transport.
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____ is the genetic passing of traits from parents to offspring:
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Heredity
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