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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which phase does the chromosomes separate and begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell?
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Anaphase
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Which phase of mitosis does cytokinesis occur?
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Telophase
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In the presents of oxygen the first stage of respiration is?
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Glycolysis
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What enzyme is necessary for DNA synthesis?
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DNA Polymerase
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The lock and key hypothesis is used for the mechanism of?
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Enzyme Specification
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The greatest amount of energy is released by the?
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Oxidation of glucose
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Which of the following best describes the DNA strand?
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Antiparallel
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Which of the following enzymes will dissolve fat?
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Lipase
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DNA replicatoin results in?
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Two DNA molecules that each include one of the original strands
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The net yield ATP in fermentation (lactic acid build) is?
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2
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Which group of organic compounds includes the enzymes?
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Proteins
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A stretch of chromosome that codes for a protein is a?
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Gene
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What is the final product of cellular respiration? Acceptor?
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Water ; Oxygen
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In glycolysis each molecule of glucose is broken down into?
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Pyruvic acid
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Glucose and _________ are consumed during cellular respiration?
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Oxygen
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In the ladder anology, the DNA molecule is made up of?
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Nitrogenous Bases
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The backbone of the DNA molecule is joined together by?
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Sugar and phosphate portions of the nucleotide
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The part of the enzyme molecule in which the substrate fits is called?
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Active site
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Enzymes influence chemical reactions in living systems by?
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Affections the rate at which the reactions occur
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Most of the ATP produced is generated from the phosphorylation of?
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NADA and FADH
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Which process yields lactic acid in small amounts?
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Anaerobic respiration
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Why is DNA replication important?
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A cells DNA must be duplicated so each new cell receives the same DNA
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__________ are vitamins essential for the survival of organisms?
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Co enzymes
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At high temperatures the rate of enzyme action decreases because the increased heat?
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Alters the active site of the enzyme
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At the end of cellular respiration how much ATP is produced?
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38
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Which chemical is classified as an enzyme?
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Whatever ends in ASE
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All cells spend about 90% in this phase of mitosis?
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Interphase
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Which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?
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Metaphase
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Why will a certain enzyme hydrolize egg whites but not starch?
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Enzymes are specific in their reactions
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The sugar in RNA is ________ and the sugar in DNA is ________?
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Ribose ; Deoxiribose
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What energy is needed to start a chemical reaction?
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Activation energy
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Upon entering the mitochondria, pyruvic acid molecules are changed into?
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Acetyl CoA
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The enzyme DNA polymerase is mostly in which phase?
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S phase
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With out oxygen glycolysis allows cells to make small amounts of ATP through?
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Fermentation
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Which statement best describes cellular respiration?
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Converts energy and food into a usable form
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In which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down?
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Prophase
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Which of the following bases pairs with adenine in RNA?
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Uricil
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Which of the following must happen first for DNA synthesis?
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DNA must unwind
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The by-products of ________ are ketone bodies?
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Fat metabolism
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Anaerobic respiration occurs in what part of the cell?
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Cytoplasm
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Dehydration synthesis of proteins would involve?
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Amino acids become joined together
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What is the importance of ATP molecules to cellular processes?
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They provide energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken?
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The different length of DNA segments are separated by?
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Electrophoresis- Electrical current is run through the gel
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DNA segments are ________ charged so the fragments run to the ________ pole of the gel?
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Negatively ; Positive
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Small DNA fragments move ______ and large ones move ______?
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Fast ; Slow
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What is Recombinant DNA technology?
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- Recombining two different sources of DNA to create new DNA
-Source DNA contains the gene of interest -Host DNA that will be opened up to allow insertion of source DNA |
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What is DNA cloning/Gene cloning?
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Replication of a single source gene using a vector containing the DNA which is taken up by a bacteria. Every time the bacteria replicates a new copy of the DNA is made resulting in large quantities.
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What is Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?
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1. Take an unfertilized egg from a sheep
2. Enucleate the cell (remove the DNA) 3. Take cells from udder of an adult sheep (soon to be clone) *Nucleus of somatic cell gives genetic material and the egg provides nutrients and other materials* 4. Fuse udder cell with the egg cell with a spark of electricity promoting mitosis 5. Transplant divided embryo into surrogate mother |
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What is Gene Replacement Therapy?
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Replacing a normal gene with an abnormal gene. Using a vector delivery system, insert the gene into a virus, attenuate virus (so it wont cause sickness) and delivery it to the host through IV, IM or aerosol.
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What are transgenic animals?
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Animals that carry a foreign gene deliberately inserted into its genome used to study diseases.
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What is Pre-Implantation Gene Diagnosis (PGD)?
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Procedure intended to weed out genetically defective embryos before they have a chance to develop.
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What is Cytoplasmic Transfer?
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Injection of a small amount of a younger cytoplasm from a donor egg into the patients egg overcoming deficiencies that may exist while retaining the patients genetic material.
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What are Embryonic stem cells? What is pluripotent?
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A cell line is created by extracting cells from an embryo and under the right conditions, cells will replicate ; Under the proper chemical cues the cells can develop into all cell types in the body.
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What are adult stem cells?
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Cells that are not specialized but found in specialized tissue. Capable of renewal, found in adults children and umbilical cords.
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What is the portion of the DNA molecule that contains genetic information for a particular protein called?
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A gene
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What is the complete set of genetic instructions in a cell called?
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Genome
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What are introns? Exons? Telomers?
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Segments of DNA which do not code for anything ; Coding segments ; Repetitive DNA sequences found at the ends of the chromosomes.
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Interphase
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-G1 G2 and S phase
-S phase is when the DNA replicates and G1 and G2 other organelles replicate -Longest phase/cell growth |
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Prophase
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-Chromosomes condense from chomatin
-Centrioles replicate and move to the poles. -Nuclear membrane breaks down -Spindle forms |
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Metaphase
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-Chromosomes align in the center of the cell
-Spindle fibers attach to contromers |
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Anaphase
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-Spindle fibers contract
-Chromosomes move to the opposite poles |
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Telophase
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-Nuclear envelope reforms
-Chromosomes unwind into chromatin -Separate cell forms |
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What is nuclear division called?
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Karyokinese
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What is the division of the cytoplasm called?
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Cytokinesis
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Two major types of genes that cause cancer are ________ and ________?
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Oncogenes (activate genes that increase cell division) and tumor suppressor genes (hold mitosis in check)
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What is programmed cell death called?
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Apoptosis
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What is cell death due to injury or lack of nutrients called?
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Necrosis
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What is anabolism?
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-Building up reaction
-Occurs through dehydration synthesis -Energy input/taking water out |
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What is catabolism?
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-Break down reaction
-Occurs through hydrolysis -Energy release/putting water in |
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What are cofactors?
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Inorganic ions such as copper zinc or iron.
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What are Coenzymes?
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Small organic molecules often vitamins.
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What is the process of adding a phosphate to anything?
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Phosphorylation
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Glycolysis
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-Occurs in the cytoplasm
-Converts 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules -Does not require oxygen |
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What happens if no oxygen is present after pyruvic acid is made?
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The pyruvic acid is turned into lactic acid causing fatigue, cramping and ATP production declines.
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Citric acid Cycle (Krebs)
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Produce ATP NADH+ and FADH2
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Electron Tansport Chain
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-Occurs on the cristae
-H+ ions are carried by NADH and FADH and hold chemical energy -Electron energy in transferred to ATP |
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What is the kidney function test?
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Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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